SENSITIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM JEWELRIES AND WRISTWATCHES WORN BY STUDENTS OF MICHEAL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE UMUDIKE, TO SOME DETERGENT

ABSTRACT

Sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from Jewelries and wristwatches worn by students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike to some detergents Omo, Aeriel and Klin was done.A total of 40 jewelries worn by students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike were examined for the presence of bacteria and fungi. They were examined microscopically, culturally, morphologically and biochemically using standard microbiological methods. The microorganisms isolated were Staphylococus aureus, Proteus sp,  Pseudomonas sp, Streptococcus sp, Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp, for bacterial isolates and Aspergillus sp, Trichophyton sp., Pencillium sp., Microsporum sp. and Yeast for fungal isolates. Staphylococcus aureus  had the highest  percentage occurrence in wristwatches, bracelets and jewelries. This was attributed to it being a normal flora of the human skin, while Proteus sp. had the least percentage occurrence. The percentage occurrence of the fungal isolates were generally low, with Yeast having the highest percentage occurrence and Penicillium sp. having the least percentage occurrence. The effect of test detergents (Omo, Ariel and Klin) on these microorganisms was investigated using agar well diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest sensitivity to Omo while Bacillus sp. showed the least sensitivity to Omo. Escherichia coli showed the highest sensitivity to Aeriel while Streptococcus sp. gave the least sensitivity. Proteus sp. showed the highest sensitivity to Klin while Staphylococcus aureus gave the least sensitivity. All the test organisms were resistant to Aeriel and Klin at 25mg/ml. The detergents showed varying Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ranging from 25mg/ml to 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml. Yeast showed the highest sensitivity to Omo while Penicillium sp. gave the least sensitivity. Microsporum sp. gave the highest sensitivity to Aeriel while Penicillium sp. gave the least sensitivity. Yeast showed the highest sensitivity to Klin while Penicillium sp. gave the least sensitivity. Inhibitory activity demonstrated by these detergents indicates that they can be employed as sanitizing agents for jewelries.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of contents ﾿ v

List of tables ﾿ viii

List of figures ﾿ ix

Abstract ﾿ x

Chapter One

  1.0     Introduction  ﾿                                    1

1.1    Aims and objectives ﾿ 3

Chapter Two

2. 0     Literature review ﾿ 4

2.1    History of jewelry ﾿                                     4

2. 2   Early jewelry function & design ﾿             4

2.3   Jewelry and hand contamination ﾿ 5

2.4    Detergents ﾿ 6

2.4.1 Chemical classification of detergents ﾿ 7

2.4. 2 Major applications of detergents ﾿ 8

2.4.3  Chemistry of detergents ﾿             9

2.4.4  Components of detergents    ﾿              9

2.4.5 Other ingredients ﾿             10

2.5    Biological membranes ﾿ 11

2.6    How do detergents solubilize membrane proteins? ﾿ 12

Chapter Three

3 .0 ﾿ Materials and methods ﾿ 13

3.1 ﾿ Study area ﾿ 13

3.2       Sample collection ﾿ 13

3.3 ﾿ Media preparation ﾿             13

3.4 ﾿ Detergents used ﾿             14

3.5 ﾿ Microbiological analysis ﾿ 14

3.5.1 ﾿ Inoculation of samples ﾿ 14

3.6 ﾿ Characterization and identification of microbial isolates ﾿ 14

3.6.1     Colony features ﾿ 14 ﾿

3.6. 2 ﾿ Characterization of fungi. ﾿ 14

3.7       Gram staining ﾿ 15

3.8       Biochemical tests ﾿ 15

3.8.1 ﾿ Catalase test ﾿ 15

3.8.2 ﾿ Coagulase test ﾿ 16

3.8.3 ﾿ Oxidase test ﾿ 16

3.8.4 ﾿ Citrate test ﾿ 16

3.8.5   Urease test ﾿ 17

3.8.6    Motility test ﾿                                    17

3.8.7    Indole test ﾿ 17

3.8.8   Methyl Red test ﾿             18

3.8.9 ﾿   Voges Proskauer ﾿ 18

 3.8.10   Sugar test ﾿             18

3.9       Preparation of antimicrobial agents (detergents) ﾿            19

3.10 Determination of antimicrobial activity of detergents ﾿ 19

3.11  Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ﾿ 20

Chapter Four

4.0       Results ﾿ 21

Chapter Five

5.0      Discussion conclusion and recommendation ﾿ 31

5.1      Discussion ﾿ 31

5.2      Conclusion ﾿ 34

5.3      Recommendation ﾿ 34

Reference ﾿ 35

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE                                    TITLE                                                                           PAGE

 1                     Biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates ﾿ 21  

2                     Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of bacterial isolates ﾿ 22                                             

3                     Antimicrobial activity of Omo on bacterial isolates ﾿ 23

4                     Antimicrobial activity of Aeriel on bacterial isolates ﾿ 24

5                     Antimicrobial activity of Klin on bacterial isolates ﾿ 25

6                     Antimicrobial activity of Omo on fungal isolates ﾿ 26

 7                    Antimicrobial activity of Aeriel on fungal isolates ﾿ 27

 8                    Antimicrobial activity of Klin on fungal isolates ﾿ 28

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE                                     TITLE                                                                              PAGE

1 ﾿               Occurrence of bacterial isolates in jewelries and wristwatches ﾿ 29

2 ﾿               Occurrence of fungal isolates in jewelries and wristwatches ﾿   30