PREVALENCE OF HOSPITAL ACQUIRED METHICILLIN RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus ISOLATED FROM THE NOSTRILS OF IN-PATIENTS IN GOVERNMENT OWNED HOSPITALS

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of Hospital-acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(HA-MRSA) from in-patients of the Abia State Diagnostic and Specialist Center, Umuahia was investigated. Out of 80 samples cultured, 73 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were identified. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the Agar disc diffusion method. Multiple disc containing 8 antibiotics; Cloxacillin, Ofloxacin, Erthromycin, Gentamicin, Ceftazidine, Cefurozime. Augmentin and Ceftriazone.  59 (81%) of the isolates were resistant to Methicillin which was represented by Cloxacillin. There was relatively high resistance of the S. aureus isolates to Ofloxacin 52 (71.23%), Ceftriazone 42 (57.53%), Cefurozime 37 (50.68%), Erythromycin 40 (54.79%) and Ceftazidine 35 (47.94%). They were also sensitive to Gentamicin 53 (72.60%) and Augmentin 42 (57.53%).From this study, it can be deduced that there is high prevalence of methicilin resistance 59(81%) among in-patients of government owned hospitals. Radical measures should be put in place to curb this infection which is causing restlessness in the health care sector.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of content ﾿ v

List of table ﾿ viii

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Aims and objectives ﾿ 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 

2.1 ﾿ The organism Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 5

2.2 ﾿ General characteristics ﾿ 6

2.3 ﾿ Pathogenicity / toxicity ﾿ 6

2.4 ﾿ Mode of transmission ﾿ 7

2.5 ﾿ Mode of reproduction ﾿ 8

2.6 ﾿ Virulence factors ﾿ 8

2.7 ﾿ Role of Staphylococcus aureus in causing disease ﾿ 12

2.8 ﾿ Antibiotic resistance and sensitivity ﾿ 13

2.9 ﾿ Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ﾿ 14

2.9.1 ﾿ Mode of transmission ﾿ 15

2.9.2 ﾿ Risk factors ﾿ 16

2.9.3 ﾿ Prevention and control of MRSA ﾿ 18

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿

3.1 ﾿ Study area ﾿ 21

3.2 ﾿ Study design ﾿ 21

3.3 ﾿ Sample collection ﾿ 21

3.4 ﾿ Preparation of culture media ﾿ 21

3.5 ﾿ Sterilization of materials ﾿ 22

3.6 ﾿ Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus  ﾿ 22

3.7 ﾿ Gram staining ﾿ 22

3.8 ﾿ Biochemical tests ﾿ 23

3.9 ﾿ Preparation of turbidity standard Equivalent to Mc FARLAND 0.5 ﾿ 24

3.10 ﾿ Antibiotic susceptibility test ﾿ 24

3.11 ﾿ Measurement of zone of inhibition  ﾿ 25

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ﾿ Result ﾿ 26

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 32

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 34

5.3 ﾿ Contribution to Knowledge ﾿ 34

5.4 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 35

References ﾿ 36

Appendix 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table ﾿ Title ﾿ Page 

1:    ﾿ Identification and characterization of S. aureus isolates ﾿ 27

2:    ﾿ Occurrence of S.aureus in nasal passages of in- patients at the 

Abia State Specialist and Diagnostic center, Umuahia. ﾿ 28

3:      ﾿ Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolates

  ﾿ (Pattern of  inhibition). ﾿ 29

4:    ﾿ Antimicrobial Susceptibility profile of S.aureus isolates from nasal 

 passages of Patients examined. ﾿ 30 

5 ﾿ Prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ﾿ 31