PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF COAGULASE POSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM FARM ANIMALS IN MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen is a Gram positive, spherical bacterium that causes serious diseases in animals. The prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of coagulase positive Staphylococci isolated from farm animals in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike was investigated. A total of 200 samples were collected from ear and nostrils of five different animals comprising Goat (56), Sheep (16), Rabbit (42), Pig (36) and Cattle (50) were analysed. 108 (54%) of the total number of the samples were coagulase positive Staphylococci while 43 (21.5%) were coagulase negative Staphylococci, 49 (24.5%) showed no growth. Of this 108 positive S. aureus isolates, 37.9% were from goats, 26.8% from cattle, 14% from pigs, 12.1% from rabbits and 9.2% from sheep. All 108 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A battery of eight (8) antibiotics containing Ceftazidime (30µg), Cefuroxime, (30µg) Gentamicin (10µg), Ceftriatone (30µg), Erythromycin (5µg), Cloxacillin (5µg), Oflaxacin (5µg) and Augmentin (30µg) was used. Ofloxacin was found to be the most effective chemotherapeutic agent with 60(55.5%) sensitivity, followed by Gentamicin 55(50.9%) and Augumentin 40(37%) respectively. The highest resistance was recorded against cloxacillin 90 (83.3%), followed by ceftazidime 80(74.1%) and cefuroxime70 (64.8%). Also 86 (79.6%) of the isolates were resistant to two or more of the antibiotics tested. The result of this study identifies the presence of Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus in farm animals. This is of a major public health concern due to their zoonotic transmission and also as the farm animals can serve as a reservoir for dissemination of multiple antibiotic resistance Staphylococcus aureus to the community.   

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ viii

List of Figures ﾿ ix

List of Plates ﾿ x

Abstract ﾿ xi

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

﾿ Objectives of the Study ﾿ 3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 4

2.1 Nature of Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 4

2.2 Nature of Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 4

2.3 Growth and Survival Characteristics ﾿ 5 ﾿

2.4 Virulence factors ﾿ 5

2.5 Pathogenesis ﾿ 10

2.6 Epidemiology ﾿ 11

2.7 Staphylococci Infection in Animals ﾿ 11

2.8 Staphylococci Infection in Man ﾿ 14

2.9 Antimicrobial Agents ﾿ 15

2.10 Classification of Antimicrobial Agent ﾿ 15

2.11 Mechanism of Action of Antibiotic ﾿ 19

2.12 Antibiotic Resistance ﾿ 21

2.13 Mechanism of Resistance to Antibiotics ﾿ 22

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHOD ﾿ 24

3.1 Research Area ﾿ 24

3.2 Sample Collection ﾿ 24

3.3 Sterilization of Materials ﾿ 24

3.4 Media used and their preparation ﾿ 25

3.5 Microbiological Analysis ﾿ 25

3.6 Isolation of bacteria ﾿ 25

3.7 Identification of Isolates ﾿ 25

3.7.1 Macroscopic Examination ﾿ 26

3.7.2 Microscopic Examination ﾿ 26

3.7.3 Biochemical Tests ﾿ 26

3.7.3.1 Catalase Test ﾿ 26

3.7.3.2 Coagulase Test ﾿ 27

3.7.3.3 Sugar Fermentation Test ﾿ 27

3.8 Antibiotic sensitivity test ﾿ 28

3.9 Statistical analysis ﾿ 28

CHAPTER FOUR ﾿

RESULT ﾿ 29

4.1 Results ﾿ 29

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ﾿ 40

5.1 Discussion  ﾿ 40

5.2 Conclusion ﾿ 43

5.3 Recommendation ﾿ 43

REFERENCES ﾿

APPENDIX