Multi-Drug Resistant (Mdr) Bacteria Isolated From Selected Recreational Waters In Umuahia, Abia State.

ABSTRACT

The present study investigates the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates from selected recreational waters in Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria. The bacteria isolates were identified on the basis of their cultural, morphological, biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility were tested by disc diffusion method. The percentage occurrence of isolates were Escherichia coli 5(15.2%), Staphylococcus aureus 8(24.2%), Klebsiella sp. 5(15.2%), Enterobacter sp. 9(27.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6(18.2%) respectively. In-vitro sensitivity patterns were determined using the disc diffusion method, it revealed that the isolates, Escherichia coli 5(100%) resisted Co- trimoxazole and Amoxicillin, 3(60%) were sensitive to Chloramphenicol, 2(40%)were sensitive to Gentamycin. Staphylococcus aureus, 6(75%) resisted Erythromycin and Gentamycin, 5(62.5%) resisted Septrin and Perfloxacin, 4(50%) resisted Amoxicillin while 3(37.5%) were sensitive to Co- trimoxazole and 5(62.5%) were sensitive to Chloramphenicol. Klebsiella sp., 4(80%) were resitant to Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, Co- trimoxazole and Perfloxacin, 4(40%) were sensitive to Perfloxacin, Gentamycin and 1(20%) were sensitive to Erythromycin and Perfloxacin. Enterobacter sp.8(88.9%) were resistant to Co- trimoxazole, 7(77.8%) resisted Amoxicillin, 5(55.6%) resisted Chloramphenicol, 4(44.4%) resisted Erythromycin, 2(22.2%) resisted Gentamycin while 5(55.6%) were sensitive to Perfloxacin and 3(33.3%) were sensitive to Erythromycin and Gentamycin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5(83.3%) were resistant to Erythromycin and Gentamycin, 4(66.7%) resisted Penicillin and Perfloxacin, 3(50%) resisted Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin while 2(33.3%) were sensitive to Chloramphenicol and 1(16.7%) proved sensitive to Amoxicillin and Co- trimoxazole. From this study the presence of Multi-drug resistance bacteria in recreational water could present a potential health risk which will contribute to health hazard of poorly managed recreational water sources. 

TABLE OF CONTENT 

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of content ﾿             v-vii

List of tables ﾿ viii

List of figures ﾿           ﾿ ix

Abstract ﾿ x

Chapter One

1.1 Introduction ﾿ 1

1.2 Contamination of water sources ﾿ 1-3 ﾿

1.3 Aims ﾿ 3

1.4 Objectives ﾿ 3

Chapter Two

1.0 ﾿ Literature review ﾿ 4

2.1 Recreational water ﾿ 4-5

2.2 Recreational water sanitation ﾿ 5-6

2.3 Microbiological analysis of recreational water ﾿ 7-8

2.4 Prevention of disease in recreational water ﾿ 9

2.5 Multi-drug resistant bacteria ﾿ 9-10

2.5.1 Antibiotics ﾿ 10-12

2.5.2 Drug resistance among bacteria ﾿ 13

2.5.3 Biochemical mechanism of bacteria resistance ﾿ 14

2.5.3.1 Mutation alteration of target protein ﾿ 14 ﾿

2.5.3.2 Enzymatic inactivation of drugs ﾿ 14

2.5.3.3 By-passing of target ﾿ 16

2.5.3.4 Ribosome protection ﾿ 17

2.5.3.5 Target modification ﾿ 17

2.5.3.6 Acquisition of latest gene ﾿ 18

2.5.4 Managing the drug mechanism problem ﾿ 18

Chapter Three

2.0 ﾿ Materials and methods ﾿ 19

3.1 Area of study ﾿ 19

3.2 Sample collection ﾿ 19

3.3 Media used ﾿ 19

3.4 Media preparation ﾿ 19

3.5 Isolation of bacteria from recreational water samples ﾿ 20

3.6 Identification and characterization of isolates ﾿ 21

3.6.1 Colony morphology ﾿ 21

3.6.2 Microscopic examination ﾿ 21

3.6.3 Gram staining ﾿ 21

3.7 Biochemical test ﾿ 22

3.7.1 Catalase production test ﾿ 22

3.7.2 Oxidase test ﾿ 22

3.7.3 Coagulase test ﾿ 22

3.7.4 Methyl-red test ﾿ 22

3.7.5 Voges-proskauer test ﾿ 23

3.7.6 Carbohydrate utilization test ﾿ 23

3.7.7 Motility test ﾿ 24

3.8 Test for multi-drug resistance ﾿ 24

Chapter Four

4.0 ﾿ Results ﾿ 25-39 ﾿

Chapter Five

5.1 Discussion ﾿ 40-41

5.2 Conclusion ﾿ 42

5.3 Recommendation ﾿ 42

       References