Comparative Analysis Of The In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities Of Three Groups Of Antibiotics Against Escherichia Coli Isolated From Clinical Specimens

ABSTRACT ﾿

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of three groups of antibiotics was evaluated against clinical isolates of E.coli. The groups comprised aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and the cephalosoprins. The E.coli one hundred (100) in number were isolated from urine, stool, high vaginal swab (HVS), ear swab and wound swab collected from different health care facilities in Umuahia Metropolis. The test was carried out by disc diffusion technique. E.coli from high vagina swab showed 84% susceptibility to streptomycin, 78% to gentamycin, 63% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and 58% to ofloxacin, it was 68% resistant to ceftriaxone and 58% resistant to cefixime. E.coli from urine showed 84% sensitivity to streptomycin, 58% sensitivity to gentamycin and was 75% ,65%, 58% and 69% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin respectively. E.coli from ear swab was 86%, 71%, 64% sensitive to streptomycin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin respectively and was 64%, 71% and 50% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime and ofloxacin respectively. In stool culture it was 83% sensitive to streptomycin and 67% to gentamycin, it was 100% resistant to ceftriaxone, 67% resistant to cefixime, 83%  resistant to ciprofloxacin and 67% resistant to ofloxacin. In wound swab E.coli was 64% sensitive to streptomycin. 83% to gentamycin and 50% to ofloxacin and it was 100%, 100%, 50% resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime and ciprofloxacin respectively. Streptomycin was the most effective followed by gentamycin.   

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification ﾿ i

Dedication ﾿ ii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iii

Table of content ﾿ iv

List of tables ﾿ vii

Abstract ﾿ viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1                                                                                                                                                                                           

1.1 Aim of Study ﾿ 2                                                                                                                

1.2 Objective of Study ﾿ 2

1.3 Limitations ﾿ 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review ﾿ 4

2.1 ANTIBIOTICS ﾿ 5 

2.1.1 Aminoglycosides ﾿ 5

2.1.2 Fluoroquinolone ﾿ 7

2.1.3 Cephalosporin ﾿ 9

2.2 Antimicrobial Activity ﾿ 11

2.2.1 Antimicrobial activity in vitro

2.2.2 Antimicrobial activity in vivo ﾿ 12

2.3   Resistance to Antimicrobial Drug

2.4 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity ﾿ 12

2.5 Clinical use of Antibiotics ﾿ 12

2.6 Characteristics of Antibiotics ﾿ 14

2.7 Escherchia coli ﾿ 15

2.7.1 Morphology ﾿ 15

2.7.2 Biochemical characteristics ﾿ 15

 2.7.3 Serotypes ﾿ 15

2.7.4 Pathogenicity ﾿ 18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Area ﾿ 26

3.2 Materials and Reagent ﾿ 26

3.3 Sample collection ﾿ 26

3.4 Media Preparation ﾿ 27

3.5 Inoculation and Isolation ﾿ 27

3.6 Identification of E. coli ﾿ 27

3.6.1 Morphology ﾿ 27

3.6.2 Gram Stain Test ﾿ 28

3.6.3 Biochemical Characterization ﾿ 29

3.6.3.1 Citrate test ﾿ 29

3.6.3.2 Methyl Red Test: ﾿ 30

3.6.3.3 Voges-Proskauer Test ﾿ 30

3.6.3.4 Motility, Indole, Urease test (MIU) ﾿ 31 ﾿

3.6.3.5 Triple Sugar Iron Test: ﾿ 32

3.7 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ﾿ 32

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ﾿ ﾿ 33

CHAPTER FIVE ﾿

5.0 DISCUSSION ﾿ 37

5.1     CONCLUSION ﾿ 38

5.2     RECOMMENDATION ﾿ 38

REFERENCES