Bacterial Contamination Of Medicated Glasses Amongst Staff And Students Of Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike

ABSTRACT

Bacterial contamination of medicated eye glasses worn by members of the University community (Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike) Abia State Nigeria was investigated using culture techniques. Of the one hundred and six samples screened [Handles (n=53), Lenses (n=53)] during the period of the research, ninety-nine (93.40%) were contaminated with bacteria. Escherichia coli(51.89%) was the most prevalent, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (28.30%) and Streptococcus species (16.98%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.21%) and Bacillus species (13.21%) were equivalent, and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (9.43%), while Klebsiella species (1.89%) were the least. Sex significantly affected the level of eye glass contamination in the sense that, eye glasses used by male were more contaminated (52.83%) than their female counterparts (26.42%). Workers had more contaminated eye glasses (47.17%) than students (32.08%). Handles were more contaminated (94.34%) than the lenses (92.45%) and this could be due to frequent contact of the handles with human hands, which are mostly contaminated and non-sanitized. The eye glass cleaners or disinfectants were not able to inhibit bacteria isolated from the eye glasses. The antibiotic used where able to inhibit the various bacteria isolated in a similar spectrum.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ﾿ i

Certification  ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ vii

List of Figure ﾿ viii

Abstract  ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Statement of Problem ﾿ 2

1.2 ﾿ Aim of Study ﾿ 2

1.3 ﾿ Objectives ﾿ 3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 ﾿ Ubiquity of microorganisms ﾿ 4

2.1 ﾿ Bacterial contamination of door handles/knobs in selected public 

Conveniences ﾿ 4

2.1.1 ﾿ Fungal contamination of eye lenses and frames of patients ﾿ 10

2.2 ﾿ Bacteria Associated With Medicated Eye Glasses ﾿ 21

2.2.1 ﾿ Escherichia coli (E. coli) ﾿ 22

2.2.2 ﾿ Klebsiella species ﾿ 23

2.2.3 ﾿ Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 23

2.2.4 ﾿ Streptococcus species ﾿ 24

2.2.5 ﾿ Bacillus subtilis ﾿ 24

2.2.6 ﾿ Pseudomonas aeruginosa ﾿ 25

2.2.7 ﾿ Proteus species ﾿ 25

2.3 ﾿ The Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene in Reducing the Risk of Infections 

Which Includes Hand Washing And Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers. ﾿ 26

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 ﾿ Study Area ﾿ 28

3.2 ﾿ Collection of Samples ﾿ 28

3.3 ﾿ Sample Preparation ﾿ 28

3.4 ﾿ Culture Techniques/Media Preparation ﾿ 28

3.5 ﾿ Characterization and Identification of Organism ﾿ 29

3.5.1 ﾿ Gram Staining Technique ﾿ 29

3.5.2 ﾿ Biochemical Test ﾿ 29

3.5.2.1 ﾿ Catalase Test ﾿ 29

3.5.2.2 ﾿ Coagulase Test ﾿ 29

3.5.2.3 ﾿ Citrate Test ﾿ 30

3.5.2.4 ﾿ Motility, Indole, Urease Test (MIU) ﾿ 30

3.5.2.5 Triple Sugar Ion Test ﾿ 31

3.5.2.6 Oxidase Test ﾿ 31

3.6  ﾿ Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ﾿ 24

3.7 ﾿ Antimicrobial Susceptibility Using Different Lens Cleansers ﾿ 24

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ﾿ Results ﾿ 33

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 40

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 43

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 43

REFERENCES