Antimicrobial Effects On Tetrapleura Tetraptera Taub(Uhiokriho) On Some Pathogenic Microganisms

ABSTRACT

Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of ethanolic and water extract of Tetrapleuratetraptera were studied using agar diffusion. Four known human bacterial pathogens were used. They were Escherichia coli ,Staphylococcusaureus, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Also, phytochemical composition revealed the presence of tannin,0.36%:saponin,0.54%;flavonoid,0.84%;alkaloid,1.28%:phenol,0.42% and 9.86mg/kg of hydrocyanic acid (HCN).Both water and ethanol extracts showed strong antibacterial activity. The most susceptible bacteria were E.coli followed by S.aereus while the most resistant bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The water extract gave inhibition zone of diameters 20mm for E.coli, 15mm for S. aureus, 12mm P.areruginosa. For respectively,while ethanol extract gave 24mm for E.coli , 20mm for S.aureus and 15mm for P.areruginosaof the same test organisms. It was recorded that ethanolic extracts were more potent against the test organisms than the water extract. The established antibacterial activities were attributed to the presence of phytochemical and the continuous use of the test plant was highly recommended.The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the different extracts was determined as the least concentration that inhibited each test organism. Different concentrations of the extract were prepared by reconstituting different weights of the dry extract in 0.5ml sterile distilled water. Discs were incubated with the resulting extract and used for the sensitivity test. After incubation, the plates were examined. The least concentration to cause inhibition was recorded as the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC).

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page ﾿ i

Approval Page ﾿ ii

Declaration ﾿ iii

Dedication ﾿ iv

Acknowledgement ﾿ v

Table of Contents ﾿ vi

Abstract ﾿ vii ﾿

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ Literature Review ﾿ 4

2.1 ﾿ The History Of Medicinal Plant Use ﾿ 4

2.2 ﾿ Drug Resistance By Human Pathogens ﾿ 7

2.3 ﾿ Bioactive Compounds In Medicinal Plants ﾿ 9

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 ﾿ Collection And Identification ﾿ 13

3.2 ﾿ Sample Preparation ﾿ 13

3.3 ﾿ Collection Of Test Organisms ﾿ 13

3.3.1 ﾿ The Test Human Bacteria Pathogens ﾿ 13

3.3.2 ﾿ Preparation Of Media ﾿ 14

3.4 ﾿ Sensitivity Test ﾿ 14 ﾿

3.4.1 ﾿ Preparation Of Antibacterial Sensitivity Discs ﾿ 14

3.4.2 ﾿ Test On Bacterial Sensitivity Extract ﾿ 14

3.4.3 ﾿ Determination Of Extract Yield ﾿ 15

3.4.4 ﾿ Reconstitution of Extract ﾿ 15

3.4.5 ﾿ Determination of Minimum Inhibition Concentration Of The Extract ﾿ 16

3.5 ﾿ Phytochemical Screening ﾿ 16

3.5.1 ﾿ Qualitative Analysis ﾿ 16

3.5.2 ﾿ Test for Tannins ﾿ 16

3.5.3 ﾿ Test for Saponins ﾿ 17

3.5.4 ﾿ Test for Flavonoid ﾿ 17

3.5.5 ﾿ Test for Cyanogenic Glycoside ﾿ 17

3.5.6 ﾿ Test for Alkaloid ﾿ 18

3.5.7 ﾿ Test for Steroids/Triterpens ﾿ 18

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS 

4.1 ﾿ Result ﾿ 19

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 25

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 27

REFERENCE