ABSTRACT

A total of 200 clean midstream urine samples were collected and a general urine microscopic examination and culture were carried out, Susceptibility testing panels of the following antibiotics: Gentamycin, tetracycline amikacin, ampicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cotrimaxasole and cefaloxine were tested against the isolated organisms using disc diffusion method. The bacteriologic agents of UTI isolated from the patients showed that Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (50.0%) and it is followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Proteus mirabilis (5.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (1.8%). The distribution of UTI among the ages of the antenatal patients showed that age group within the range of 27-32 years recorded the highest incidence of UTI,

whereas those of them above 39 years showed the least incidence. Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin were the most active antibiotics, while the isolates were highly resistant to cotrimoxasole, cefaloxine and nalidixic acid. Urinary tract infection is a major health problem among pregnant women. Urinalysis with culture and sensitivity test is the major diagnostic measure, while health education with regular antenatal and personal hygiene is recommended as precautionary measures to UTI.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgements iv

Table of Contents v

Lists of Tables viii

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction  1

1.1 Factors that predispose an individual to UTI include    2

1.2 Aim and Objectives 5

1.3 Objectives  5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  Literature Review 6

2.1 Risk factors of UTI    7

2.2 Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection  9

2.3 Causative Organisms  10

2.3.1  Bacterial UTI 10

2.3.2 Fungal and Viral UTI  11

2.4 Modes of Bacterial Entry  12

2.4.1 The ascending route  12

2.4.2 Hematogenous route  12

2.5 Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection  12

2.6 Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection 13

2.6.1Urinalysis 14

2.7 Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection  15

2.7.1 Antibiotics Used In the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection Include 17

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials and Methods  19

3.1 Sample Collection  19

3.2 Media To Be Used And It’s Preparation 19

3.3 Sterilization 20

3.4 Enumeration of Bacteria From Urine Samples 20

3.5 Identification and Characterization Of Isolates 20

 3.5.1 Gram Staining 21

3.5.3 Motility Test 21

3.6 Biochemical Cultural Characteristics 22

3.6.1 Catalase test 22

3.6.2 Coagulase Test 22

3.6.3 Citrate Test 22

3.6.4 Indole Test 23

3.6.5  Triple Sugar Iron Test 23

3.6.6 Oxidase Test 24

3.6.7 Urease Test 24

3.7 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing  24

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  Results 25

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 30

5.1 Discussion 30

5.2 Conclusion 33

5.3 Recommendation 33

References