PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF Staphylococcus aureus ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES IN ISIUKWUATO L.G.A.

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken to find out the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples.A total of 68 Clinical samples (Urine, Sputum, High vaginal swab, Wound swab) were tested. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus was done by conventional microbiological method. Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing was done using diffusion method. The result of Staphylococcus aureus isolated showed maximum in urine followed by high vaginal swab. Out of 68 samples collected,35 were obtained from Male and 33 were obtained from Female respectively. Frequency of occurrence showed highest in wound (100%) and lowest in high vaginal swab (58.3%). The organism was subjected to Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing which showed highest resistance against Cefoxitin and least against Vancomycin. The level of resistance was high generally. The distribution of Methicilin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus using Oxacillin and Cefoxitin disc method showed highest resistant in urine and lowest in sputum. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in Urine sample is high and its antibiogram show a situation of multi drug resistance. It is recommended that there should be a forum for education of people on the issue of microbial development of resistance to drugs and the need to minimize indiscriminate use of antibiotics without physician’s prescription.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿

Dedication ﾿

Acknowledgements ﾿ iv

Table of contents ﾿ v

List of tables ﾿

Abstract ﾿ viii

CHAPTER 1

1.1 ﾿ Introduction ﾿

1.2 ﾿ Aims and Objective ﾿ 3

CHAPTER 2

2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1 ﾿ Epidemiology ﾿

2.1.2 ﾿ Morphology ﾿

2.1.3 ﾿ Mode of Reproduction ﾿ 8

2.1.4 ﾿ Classifications of Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 8

2.1.4.1 ﾿ Role in health ﾿ 9

2.1.4.2 Role in Disease ﾿ 9

2. 2 ﾿ Mode of Transmission ﾿ 9

2.2.1 ﾿ Skin Infection ﾿

2.2.2 ﾿ Food Poisoning ﾿ 10

2.2.3 ﾿ Bacteremia ﾿

2.2.4 ﾿ Medical Implants Infection ﾿ 11

2.2.5 ﾿ Animal Infection ﾿ 12

2.2.6 ﾿ Enzymes ﾿ 12

2.3 ﾿ Toxins and Pathogenesis ﾿ 13

2.3.1 ﾿ Leucocidin ﾿

2.3.2 ﾿ Enterotoxin ﾿

2.3.3 ﾿ Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST) ﾿ 13

2.3.4 ﾿ Exfoliative (Epidermolytic,) Toxin ﾿ 14

2.4 ﾿ Carriage ﾿ 14

2.5 ﾿ Antibiotics Resistance ﾿ 14

2.6 ﾿ Staphylococcal Pigment ﾿ 16

2.7 ﾿ Classical Diagnosis ﾿ 17

2.7.1 ﾿ Rapid Diagnosis and Typing ﾿ 17

2.7.2 ﾿ Treatment ﾿ 18

2.7.3 ﾿ Infection Control ﾿ 19

CHAPTER 3

3.0 ﾿ MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿

3.1 ﾿ Materials ﾿ 20

3.1.1 ﾿ Culture Media ﾿ 20

3.1.2 ﾿ Reagents  ﾿ 20

3.1.3 ﾿ Equipments ﾿

3.1.4 ﾿ Antibiotic discs ﾿ 20

3.2    ﾿ Methods ﾿ 21

3.2.1 ﾿ Study area ﾿

3.2.2 ﾿ Sample Collection and Sampling technique ﾿ 21

3.2.3 ﾿ Inoculation, isolation and identification of the organism. ﾿ 21

3.2.4 ﾿ Identification and characterization of the isolates ﾿ 22

3.2.4.1 Gram staining ﾿ 23

3.2.4.2 Biochemical tests ﾿ 23

3.2.4.3 Coagulase test ﾿ 23

3.2.4.4 Catalase test ﾿ 24

3.2.4.5 Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing ﾿ 24

CHAPTER ﾿

4.0 ﾿ RESULT ﾿ 25

CHAPTER 5

5.0 ﾿ SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿

5.3 ﾿ Recommendations ﾿ 33

﾿ References ﾿

﾿ Appendix 

LIST OF TABLES

Table ﾿ Title ﾿ Page

1 ﾿ Morphology, Cultural and Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus on different media ﾿ 26

2 ﾿ Age Bracket of Respondents ﾿ 27

3 ﾿ Frequency (number of isolate) occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in different clinical samples ﾿ 28

4 ﾿ Antibiotics Susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 29

5 ﾿ Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus using Oxacillin (OX) and Cefoxitin (FOX) disc diffusion method ﾿ 30