PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF DIFFERENT Staphylococcus Species ISOLATED FROM ASYMPTOMATIC STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE

ABSTRACT

The threat posed by staphylococcal strains associated infections in the global village is becoming a problem of note. Antimicrobial resistance calls for adequate preventive and control measures to reduce transmission even among the perceived healthy students who might constitute a population of healthy carriers.  This study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcal strains isolated form nasal mucosa (nose) and skin form healthy students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. A total of 50 clinical specimens comprising of nose and skin swab were collected from five (5) hostels cultured on mannitol salt and blood agar. Staphylococci strains were identified based on their conventional cultural characteristics, gram staining reaction and standard biochemical tests. All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk diffusion technique according to the clinical and laboratory standard institute guidelines on mulller Hinten Agar. In all, 37 staphylococcus strains were isolated from the 50 clinical specimen. The details of these isolates comprising S. aureus (22), S. epidermidis (9), S. saprophyticus (6). Staphylococci strains recorded high level of resistance to chloramphenicol (36.4%), rifampicin (22.7%). The isolates were sensitive highly to levofloxacin (81.8%), gentamycin (68.2%) ciprofloxacin (22.7%).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgments ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ viii

Abstract ﾿ ix 

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 ﾿ Background of Study ﾿ 1

1.2 ﾿ Aim of the Study ﾿ 4

1.2.1 ﾿ Specific objectives ﾿ 4

1.3 ﾿ Significance of the Study ﾿ 5

CHAP I ER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ﾿ Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 6

2.1.1 ﾿ Laboratory Diagnostics ﾿ 6

2.1.2 ﾿ Cell Wall ﾿ 6

2.1.3 ﾿ Scientific classification ﾿ 7

2.1.4 Diseases Caused by Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 8

2.1.5 Virulence Factors ﾿ 9

2.1.6 Pathogenesis Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 9

2.2 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 10

2.2.1 Methicillin Resistance ﾿ 10

2.2.2 Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 11

2.3 ﾿ Prevalence of ethic ileus-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 12

2.4 ﾿ Impact of metiiicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection ﾿ 13

2.5 ﾿ Control of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in health care facilities14

2.5.1 Screening of Patients ﾿ 14

2.5.2 Screening of Staff ﾿ 15

2.5.3 Isolation and Barrier Nursing ﾿ 15

2.5.4 ﾿ Hand Hygiene ﾿ 16

2.5.5 ﾿ Environmental Cleaning ﾿ 16

2.6 ﾿ Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CONS) ﾿ 17

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 ﾿ Study area ﾿ 18

3.2 ﾿ population study ﾿ 18

3.3 ﾿ Collection of samples ﾿ 18 ﾿

3.4 ﾿ Sterilization of materials ﾿ 19

3.5 ﾿ Materials and media used ﾿ 19

3.6 ﾿ Media preparation ﾿ 19 

3.7 ﾿ Inoculation and isolation ﾿ 20

3.8 ﾿ Purification of isolates ﾿ 20

3.9 ﾿ Identification of the bacterial isolates ﾿ 20

3.10 ﾿ Isolation of different strains of staphylococcus ﾿ 20

3.11 ﾿ Identification Test of Isolates ﾿ 21

3.12 ﾿ Gram Staining ﾿ 21

3.13 ﾿ Biochemical Reaction Motility Test ﾿ 21

3.13.1 ﾿ Catalase test ﾿ 22

3.13.2 ﾿ Coagulase test ﾿ 22

3.13.3 ﾿ DNase test ﾿ 22

3.14 ﾿ Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests of Isolates ﾿ 23

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 ﾿ Results ﾿ 24

4.2 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 32

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 35 

5.2 ﾿ Recommendations ﾿ 35

REFERENCES ﾿ 36

APPENDIXES ﾿ 42 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: ﾿ Identification and characterize of Different strains of staphylococcus 

Isolates ﾿ 25

Table 2a: ﾿ Staphylococcus strains isolated from nasal mucosa (Nose) and skin of 

ealthy students in M.O.U.A.U. ﾿ 26

Table 2b ﾿ Distribution of Staphylococcus strains isolated from nasal mucosa 

(Noise) and skin of healthy students in M.O.U.A.U ﾿ 26

Table 3 ﾿ Distribution of different staphylococcus strains isolated ﾿ 27

Table 4 ﾿ Antibiotic susceptibility of different staphylococcus strains isolates ﾿ 28

Table 5a ﾿ The number and percentage of staphylococcus strains resistance to 

Antibiotics ﾿ 29

Table 5b ﾿ The number and percentage of staphylococcus strains sensitive to 

Antibiotics ﾿ 30

Table 5c ﾿ The number and percentage of staphylococcus strains 

intermediate to antibiotics ﾿ 31