IN-VITRO SYNERGISTIC ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Ganaaa kola SEEDS AND G0ngronaMifa#b£»«n LEAVES ON SOME SELECTED ENTERIC PATHOGENS.

ABSTRACT

The in-vitro synergi1stic antibacterial effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium leaves and Garcinia kola seeds investigated against Siaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antibacterial activity. The susceptibility of the test organisms to the plant extracts was performed and diameters of the inhibition were recorded. The ethanolic extract of the two plants in synergy showed the highest inhibitory activity. P. aeruginosa was the most susceptible (23.3mm) to the extract in synergy while S. aureus was inhibited the least (6.3mm) for the aqueous extract and was compared to standard control ciprofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated for each plant extract and ranged from 6.25 to 100mg/ml. The result of this research work showed that the two plants in synergy had higher antibacterial activity compared to the plant when used individually. This can be employed as a form of antibacterial agent.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TTTLEPAGE ﾿ I

CERTIFICATION ﾿ II

DEDICATION ﾿ III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ﾿ - ﾿ IV

TABLE OF CONTENT ﾿ V

LISTOF TABLES ﾿ . ﾿ VIIl

ABSTRACT ﾿ IX

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES ﾿ 2CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                          . ﾿ 3

2.0.1 Origin and distribution ofGarcinia kola ﾿ 3

2.0.2 Origin and Distribution of G. latifolium ﾿ 3

2.1 ﾿ PHYTOCHEMISTRYANDPHYTOCHEMICALS ﾿ 4

2.2 ﾿ PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS ﾿ 4

2.3 ﾿ PHYTO CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABILITY OF Garcinia kola ﾿ 6

2.4 ﾿ PHYTOCHEMTCAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABILITY OF

Gongronema lalifolium ﾿ 6

2.5 ﾿ MEDICINAL PLANTS ﾿ 7

2.6 PHYTO CHEMICALS IN THE MEDICINAL PLANTS ﾿ 8

2.7 SYNERC3STIC USE OF Gangronem  latifotium AND Garcmia kola AS DRUG       9

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ﾿ MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿ 11

3.1 ﾿ SOURCE OF PLANTS MATERIAL ﾿ 11

32 ﾿ PREPARATION OF PLANT MATERIALS ﾿ 11

33 ﾿ PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT ﾿ 11

3.4 ﾿ PREPARATION OF ETHANOUC EXTRACT ﾿ 11

3.5 ﾿ SYNERGY TEST ﾿ 12

3.5 ﾿ SYNERGY TEST ﾿ •'                   12

3.6 ﾿ PYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING ﾿ 12

3.7 ﾿ QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS.

3.7.0 ﾿ Test for tannins ﾿ 12

3.7.1 ﾿ Test For Saponins ﾿ 12

3.7.2 ﾿ Flavonoids ﾿ 12

3.7.3 Steroids ﾿ 13

3.7.4 ﾿ Phenols ﾿ 13

3.8 ﾿ MICROSCOPY ﾿ 14

r   . ﾿ ,

3.9 ﾿ GRAM STAINING ﾿ 14

3.10 ﾿ IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES USING BIOCHEMICAL TESTS ﾿ 15

3.10.0       Coagulase Test ﾿ 15

3. 10.1        CatalaseTest ﾿ 15

3. I0.2       Oxidasetest ﾿ 15

3. 10.3      Urease Production Test      ﾿ 16

3. 10.4    Indole Test ﾿ , ﾿ 16

3.11 ﾿ DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION ﾿ 16

3.12 ﾿ TEST FOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY. ﾿ 17

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ﾿ RESULTS. ﾿ 18

4.1 ﾿ ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS ﾿ 18

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ﾿ DISCUSSION ﾿ 30

5.1 ﾿ CONCLUSION ﾿ 31

REFERENCES ﾿ 32

Appendix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE ﾿ TITLE                                                                   PAGE

1 ﾿ Preliminary (Qualitative) Phytochemical screening ofGarcinia kola

and Gongroneme     latifolium.        , ﾿ 18

2 ﾿ Aqueous extract of Gacmia kola against test isolates. ﾿ 20

•/

3 ﾿ Ethanolic extract of G. kola against test isolates ﾿ 21

4 ﾿ Aqueous extract of G. latifoftm against test isolates ﾿ 22

5 ﾿ Ethnolic extract of G. fatifoluim against test isolates ﾿ 23

6     Synergistic effect of aqueous extract of both test plants. ﾿ 24

7 ﾿ Synergistic effect of Ethanolic extract of both test   plants. ﾿ 25

8 ﾿ Antimicrobial activity of extract from G. kola and G. latifolium, ﾿ 26

singly and in combination against bacteria pathogens (diameter of inhibition zone (mm))

9 ﾿ Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) of extract of G. kola and

G.   latiffolium singly and in combination against bacteria pathogens. ﾿ 28