ABSTRACT

The in-vitro synergi1stic antibacterial effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium leaves and Garcinia kola seeds investigated against Siaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antibacterial activity. The susceptibility of the test organisms to the plant extracts was performed and diameters of the inhibition were recorded. The ethanolic extract of the two plants in synergy showed the highest inhibitory activity. P. aeruginosa was the most susceptible (23.3mm) to the extract in synergy while S. aureus was inhibited the least (6.3mm) for the aqueous extract and was compared to standard control ciprofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated for each plant extract and ranged from 6.25 to 100mg/ml. The result of this research work showed that the two plants in synergy had higher antibacterial activity compared to the plant when used individually. This can be employed as a form of antibacterial agent.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TTTLEPAGE I

CERTIFICATION II

DEDICATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - IV

TABLE OF CONTENT V

LISTOF TABLES . VIIl

ABSTRACT IX

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 2CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                          . 3

2.0.1 Origin and distribution ofGarcinia kola 3

2.0.2 Origin and Distribution of G. latifolium 3

2.1 PHYTOCHEMISTRYANDPHYTOCHEMICALS 4

2.2 PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS 4

2.3 PHYTO CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABILITY OF Garcinia kola 6

2.4 PHYTOCHEMTCAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABILITY OF

Gongronema lalifolium 6

2.5 MEDICINAL PLANTS 7

2.6 PHYTO CHEMICALS IN THE MEDICINAL PLANTS 8

2.7 SYNERC3STIC USE OF Gangronem  latifotium AND Garcmia kola AS DRUG       9

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 11

3.1 SOURCE OF PLANTS MATERIAL 11

32 PREPARATION OF PLANT MATERIALS 11

33 PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT 11

3.4 PREPARATION OF ETHANOUC EXTRACT 11

3.5 SYNERGY TEST 12

3.5 SYNERGY TEST •'                   12

3.6 PYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING 12

3.7 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS.

3.7.0 Test for tannins 12

3.7.1 Test For Saponins 12

3.7.2 Flavonoids 12

3.7.3 Steroids 13

3.7.4 Phenols 13

3.8 MICROSCOPY 14

r   . ,

3.9 GRAM STAINING 14

3.10 IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES USING BIOCHEMICAL TESTS 15

3.10.0       Coagulase Test 15

3. 10.1        CatalaseTest 15

3. I0.2       Oxidasetest 15

3. 10.3      Urease Production Test      16

3. 10.4    Indole Test , 16

3.11 DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION 16

3.12 TEST FOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY. 17

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS. 18

4.1 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS 18

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION 30

5.1 CONCLUSION 31

REFERENCES 32

Appendix

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE                                                                   PAGE

1 Preliminary (Qualitative) Phytochemical screening ofGarcinia kola

and Gongroneme     latifolium.        , 18

2 Aqueous extract of Gacmia kola against test isolates. 20

•/

3 Ethanolic extract of G. kola against test isolates 21

4 Aqueous extract of G. latifoftm against test isolates 22

5 Ethnolic extract of G. fatifoluim against test isolates 23

6     Synergistic effect of aqueous extract of both test plants. 24

7 Synergistic effect of Ethanolic extract of both test   plants. 25

8 Antimicrobial activity of extract from G. kola and G. latifolium, 26

singly and in combination against bacteria pathogens (diameter of inhibition zone (mm))

9 Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) of extract of G. kola and

G.   latiffolium singly and in combination against bacteria pathogens. 28