ABSTRACT

The idea that advance in age is the major cause of the development of hypertension, heart failure and diabetes mellitus has been fast spreading and widely accepted by many, when it does not have any empirical prove hacking it up. There has been a serious attempt in this research to bring into focus the empirical analysis of the 1)roblom. This study used the secondary data generated in Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Abia State to investigate the relationship between the development of these diseases and advance in age. From the available data, we established that there is no significant relationship between the development of these diseases and the age of the patient. People can develop such diseases at early age in life due to various other factors not investigated in this project. We established this, the independence of age and these diseases, using the techniques of nonparametric statistics such as Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-square test of dependence and Mann-Whitney test to analyse the available data.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title page

Certification ii

Dedication

Acknowledgement iv - v

Abstract vi

Table of Contents vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Organisation of work 1

1.1 Introduction I

1 .2 Statement of the problem 3

1.3 Objective of study 4

1 .4 Significance of study 4

1.5 Scope of study 5

1 .6 Data source and limitations of study 5

1.7 Motivation 6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Hypertension (High Blood pressure) 7

2.2.1 Definition of Hypertension 8

2.2.2 Classification and causes of hypertension 9

2.2.2A Primary or Essential hypertension . 9

2.2.2B Secondary or symptomatic hypertension 9

2.2.3 Complication of hypertension 10

2.3.1 Diabetes Mellitus 10

2.3.2 Classification and causes of Diabetes 11

2.3.2A Type I Diabetes 11

2.3.2B Type II Diabetes 12

2.3.3 Symptoms of Diabetes 12

2.3.4 Complications of Diabetes 13

2.4.1 Heart failure 14

2.4.2 Causes of heart failure 14

2.4.3 Symptoms of heart failure 15

2.5.0 Definitions of terms 16

CHAPTER THREE

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

3.1 Introduction . 18

3.2 When is Nonpararnetric Statistics applicable? 18

3.3 Advantages of Nonparametric Statistics 20

3.4 Disadvantatjes of Nonporametric Statistics 20

3.5 Overview of some Nonpararnetric Methods 20

3.5.1 The Mann-Whitney test 21

3.5.2 The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test .. 24

3.5.3 The Kruskal — Wallis Test 27

3.5.4 The Friedman test 29

3.5.5 Chi-square test of dependence 30

3.5.6 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test 33

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 Introduction 36

4.2 Tabular presentation of analysed data 36

4.3 Statistical test of hypothesis 37

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 introduction 48

5.2 Summary of findings 48

5.3 Recommendations . 49

5.4 Conclusion 49

References. 51