Screening Of Salmonella Species From Cow Intestine For Multidrug Resistance

ABSTRACT

Salmonella species from the intestinal fluid of cows was screened for multidrug resistance. Out of 60 samples collected, 28(46.6%) were positive for Salmonella species while 32(53.4%) were negative. The Salmonella isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Sensitivity discs containing Ceftazidime (30µg), Cefuroxime, (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Cefixime (5µg), Ofloxacin (5µg), Augmentin (30µg), Nitrofurantoin (300µg) and Ciprofloxacin (5µg). Ofloxacin was found to be the most effective chemotherapeutic agent with 11(39.3%) sensitivity, while the highest resistance was recorded against Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime and Augmentin 28 (100%). Twenty five [(25)(89.3%)] were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics (multidrug resistance). The result of this study shows that cow intestine is the reservoir of multidrug resistant Salmonella species which is public threat being an important cause of zoonotic and community-acquired infections.    

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iv

Table of contents ﾿ v

List of tables ﾿ vii

Abstracts    ﾿ viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Aims and Objectives ﾿ 2

﾿ CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ Literature Review ﾿ 3

2.1    ﾿ Salmonella sp ﾿ 3

2.1.1 ﾿ Salmonellosis ﾿ 4

2.2 ﾿ Definition of Extended-Spectrum B-lactamases ﾿ 7

2.3 ﾿ First report of ESBL producing salmonella enteric isolates ﾿ 9

2.4 ﾿ Salmonella, E. coli /ESBLS in non-humans hosts ﾿ 11

2.5 ﾿ Epidemiology of ESBL-producing organisms ﾿ 13

2.5.1 ﾿ Global Epidemiology ﾿ 13 ﾿

2.6 ﾿ Mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella ﾿ 16

2.6.1 ﾿ Aminoglycosides ﾿ 16

2.6.2 ﾿ Beta-lactams ﾿ 17

2.6.3 ﾿ Chloromphenicol ﾿ 18

2.6.4 ﾿ Quinolones ﾿ 20

2.6.5 ﾿ Tetracycline ﾿ 21

2.6.6 ﾿ Sulfonamide and trimethoprime ﾿ 22

2.7 ﾿ Antibiotic resistance Salmonella ﾿ 23

2.8 ﾿ Risk factors for colonization and infection with ESBL producers ﾿ 24

﾿ CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ﾿ Materials and methods ﾿ 26

3.1 ﾿ Sample collection ﾿ 26

3.2 ﾿ Materials ﾿ 26

3.3 ﾿ Media used ﾿ 26

3.3.1 ﾿ Media preparation ﾿ 26

3.4 ﾿ characterization and identification of Salmonella isolates ﾿ 27

3.4.1 ﾿ Microscopic Features ﾿ 27

3.5 ﾿ Gram staining ﾿ 27

3.6 ﾿ Biochemical tests ﾿ 28

3.6.1 ﾿ Catalase test ﾿ 28

3.6.4 ﾿ Citrate test ﾿ 28

3.6.5 ﾿ Test for indole production ﾿ 29

3.6.6 ﾿ Voges-Proskauer (VP) reaction ﾿ 29

3.6.7 ﾿ Methyl Red test    ﾿ 29

3.6.8 ﾿ Oxidase Test ﾿ 30

3.7 ﾿ Sugar fermentation ﾿ 30 ﾿

3.8 ﾿ Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing ﾿ 30

﾿ CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ﾿ Results ﾿ 32

﾿ CHAPTER FIVE 

5.0 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 38

5.1 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 39

5.2 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 39

﾿ References 

﾿ Appendix