Prevalence And Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella And Shigella Isolated From Stool Of Students Of Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike

ABSTRACT Salmonellosis and shigellosis are still global health problem, especially, in developing countries where poor sanitation, lack of clean water supply and proper sewage disposal system exist. The emergence of increased antimicrobial susceptibility to Salmonella and Shigella spp are global challenges particularly in developing countries like Nigeria where misused antibiotics by human beings occur. This study aims to investigate the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of these microbes. A total of 60 stool samples were isolated from healthy students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike and cultured on Salmonella-Shigella agar for screening of microbes and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates were determined following standard bacteriological method.  Antibiotic were selected for the test (Amoxicilin, Ampicilin, Nalixidic acid, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline). 9 (15%) Samonella and 7(11.67%) Shigella was isolated from stool samples of both male and female students. Sensitivity of Salmonella was 100% to Chloramphenicol, 60% to Nalixidic acid, Ampicillin and Gentamicin, 40% to Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline, and 0% Amoxicillin in female. And 75% to Amoxicillin, Nalixidic acid and Gentamicin, 100% to Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol, 25% to Ampicillin and 0% to Tetracycline in male. Shigella had sensitivities of 75% Amoxicillin, Nalixidic acid and Gentamicin and Tetracycline in female and 100% to Nalixidic acids, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin, 33.3% to Amoxicillin and Ampicillin, 0.0% to Gentamycin and Tetracycline. However, isolates of Samonella and Shigella were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Nalixidic acid. This study revealed that isolates of Shigella and Salmonella showed high rate of drug resistance  to commonly used   antibiotics and all isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol. Therefore Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol can be used as drugs of choice for the treatment of Shigellosis and Salmonellosis.     
TABLE OF CONTENTTitle page ﾿ Certification ﾿ iDedication ﾿ iiAcknowledgement ﾿ iiiTable of content ﾿ ivList of tables ﾿ viiiAbstract ﾿ ixCHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction ﾿ 11.1 Aims and objectives ﾿ 3CHAPTER TWO2.0 Literature review                                                                                                              42.1 Morphology and culture ﾿ 42.2 Characteristics of the genius Salmonella and Shigella ﾿ 52.3 Geographical distribution ﾿ 72.4 Pathogenicity of the genus Salmonella ﾿ 72.4.1 Enteric fever ﾿ 82.4.2 Gastroenteritis ﾿ 82.5  Pathogenicity of genus Shigella ﾿ 92.6 Transmission of salmonellosis and shigellosis ﾿ 102.7 Clinical signs and symptoms of Salmonella infection ﾿ 102.8 Clinical signs of Shigella infection ﾿ 112.9 Prevention and treatment ﾿ 112.9.1 Prevention ﾿ 112.9.2 Treatment ﾿ 122.10 Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance ﾿ 132.11 Classificaion of antibiotics ﾿ 142.12 Mechanism of action of antibiotics ﾿ 162.12.1 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (Beta- lactams) ﾿ 162.12.2 Inhibition of cell function ﾿ 172.12.3 Inhibition of protein synthesis ﾿ 172.12.4 Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis ﾿ 182.12.5 Inhibition of other metabolic processes (anti metabolites) ﾿ 18CHAPTER THREE3.0 Materials and methods ﾿ 193.1 Samples and samples/study population ﾿ 193.2 Specimen collection ﾿ 193.3 Sterilization of glass wares ﾿ 193.4 Preparation of culture media ﾿ 193.5 Preparation of innoculum size ﾿ 203.6 Identification test ﾿ 203.6.1 Gram staining ﾿ 203.7 Biochemical test ﾿ 213.7.1 Catalase test ﾿ 213.7.2 Indole production test ﾿ 213.7.3 Coagulase test ﾿ 213.7.4 Oxidase test ﾿ 223.7.5 Urease test ﾿ 223.7.6 Citrate utilization test ﾿ 223.7.7 Methyl red test ﾿ 233.7.8 Voges prokauer test ﾿ 233.7.9 Motility test ﾿ 233.9 Antibiotics susceptibility test ﾿ 233.9.1 Reading of inhibition ﾿ 24CHAPTER FOUR4.0 Results ﾿ 25CHAPTER FIVE5.0 Discussion, conclusion and recommendation ﾿ 315.1 Discussion ﾿ 315.2 Conclusion ﾿ 335.3 Recommendation ﾿ 33REFERENCES ﾿ ﾿