Potentials Of Black Pepper (Capsicum Annum) And Uda (Xylopia Aetiiioica) On Callosobruchus Maculates Infesting Stored Cowpeas (V. Unquiculata)

ABSTRACT

This insecticidal potencies of Xylopia aethopica and capcumannum (freshly dried and 2 years old) was bought for the protection of stored cowpea seed (V unguiculata) and flour were determined. Initial experiments were used to monitor some parameters such as number of  eggs laid, number of death insect and number of emergence holes. Cowpea flours made by varying the soaking periods were mixed with the spices and functional properties such as gelation capacity,  swelling emulsion capacity were Evaluation. Two grammes of capsicum  per I Og cowpea seeds annum was found to be effective for the protection of stored of cowpea seeds. Fresh spices were found to have  better potency than spices that have been preserved for sometime (up to 2 years). Also the acetone extract of the capsicum annum was found to be more effective in the preservation of cowpea seeds and flour than ethanol extract of the same material.

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement ... iv

Table of contents ... v

Abstract vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ... 3

1.2 OBJECTIVES... ... 4

1.3 JUSTIFICATiON... 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 COWPEA SEEDS... 7

2.2 THE STORAGE POST PROBLEM 7

2.3 USE OF OIL... 9

2.4 COWPEA UTILIZATION IN NIGERIA 11

2.5 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF COWPEA 12

2.6 EFFECT OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS 13

2.8 USEFUL LOCAL PRESERVATIVE 16

2.8.1 CAPSICUM ANNUM 16

2.8.2 XYLOPIAAETHOPICA 17

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS... 18

3.1 MATERIALS... 18

3.2 COLLECTION/REARING OF THE

BRUCHID WEEVIL... 18

3.3 SPICES... ... 18

3.4 METHODS... . 19

3.5 PRELIMINARY STUDY WITH PULVERIZED SPICES 19

3.6 PREPARATION OF ACETONE AND ETHANOL

EXTRACTS OF CAPSICUM ANNUM ... 20

3.7 COWPEA FLOUR MAKING .. 21

3.8 FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES-SWELLING

INDEX, WATER AND OIL ABSORPTION

WHIPPABILITY AND GELATION CAPACITY,

BULK DENSITY EMULSIONS STABILITY... 24

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION... 27

4.1 EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH FRESHLY DRIED

CAPSICUM ANNUM DUST ON

CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATES. ... 27

4.2 TREATMENT WITH XYLOPIA ON THE

DEVELOPMENT OF CALLOSOBRUCHUS

MACULATUS.......... ... ...

4.2a. EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH POWER FROM XYLOPIA

AETHOPICA FRUIT STORED FOR TWO YEARS ON

CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS INFESTATION

ON COWPEA......... 29

4.3 EFFECT OF CAPISCUM ANNUM ACETONE AND

ETHANOL EXTRACT ON OVIPOSITION BY

CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS... ... ... 30

4.3b EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH ETHANOL EXTRACT

OF C. ANNUM ON THE NUMBER OF EGGS LAID BY

CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS... ... ... 30

4.4 COWPEA FLOUR... ... ... ... ... ... 33

4.41 EFFECT OF USING X. AETHOPIA AND C. ANNUM

AS FLOUR ADMIXTURE ON SPOILAGE DUE TO

INFESTATION AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF

COWPEA FLOURS.