Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria From The Surfaces Of Atms Within The Campus Of Michael Okpara Unversity Of Agriculture, Umidike, Abia State

ABSTRACT

Isolation and identification of bacteria from the surfaces of ATMs within the campus  of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike were carried out. A total of 17 ATMs of the following banks, Ecobank (8), Sterling bank (3), First bank (2), Access bank (2), Union bank (1), and Zenith bank (1) situated at different strategic locations within the campus of the University (MOUAU), were swabbed and analysed for the presence of bacteria. The total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC)  were; Ecobank 9.8 x 103, Access Bank 8. 3 x 103, Sterling  Bank 6.8 x 103, First Bank 8.5 x 103, Union Bank 8.0 x 103, Zenith bank 5.9 x 103. Ecobank showed the highest THBC and Zenith Bank showed the lowest THBC. The bacteria isolated and their percentage occurrence were; Staphylococcus aureus (32.2%), Streptococcus spp (11.8%), Bacillus spp (18.3%), Micrococcus spp (17.5%), Escherichia coli (12.9%), Klebsiella spp (11.8%), and Enterobacter spp (5.4%). Staphylococcus aureus has the highest percentage occurrence. Susceptibility testing to antibiotics was carried out and some isolates were resistant to some commonly used antibiotics which include chloramphenicol, ampiclox, septrine and ampicillin.  The results showed that the surfaces of ATMs were contaminated with bacteria of public health importance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ vii

Abstract ﾿ viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ﾿

1.1 Background studies ﾿ 2

1.2 Aim ﾿ 2

1.3 Objectives ﾿ 2

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿

2.1 Bacteria contaminants associated with ATMs ﾿ 10

2.1.1 Escherichia coli ﾿ 10

2.1.2 Klebsiella species ﾿ 11

2.1.3 Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 11

2.1.4 streptococcus species ﾿ 12

2.1.5 Bacillus subtilis ﾿ 12

2.1.6 Enterobacter species ﾿ 13

2.1.7 Micrococcus species ﾿ 13

2.2  Effectiveness of hand hygiene in reducing the risk of infection ﾿ 14

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIAL AND METHODS ﾿

3.1 Study Area ﾿ 16

3.2 Collection of Samples ﾿ 16

3.3 Preparation of Culture media ﾿ 16

3.4 Bacteria inoculation and isolation ﾿ 17

3.5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ﾿ 17

3.6 Characterization and identification of organisms ﾿ 17

3.7 Gram stain ﾿ 18

3.8 Biochemical Test ﾿ 18

3.8.1 Catalase Test ﾿ 18

3.8.2 Coagulase Test ﾿ 18

3.8.3 Citrate utilization Test ﾿ 19

3.8.4 Urease test ﾿ 19

3.8.5 Motility Test ﾿ 19

3.8.6 Triple sugar ion Test ﾿ 19

3.8.7 Methyl red test ﾿ 20

3.8.8 Antibiotic susceptibility testing ﾿

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ﾿

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION,   CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ﾿

5.1 Discussion ﾿ ﾿ 25

5.2 Conclusion ﾿ 27

5.3 Recommendation ﾿ ﾿ 28 ﾿

Appendix  1 ﾿

Appendix  2

REFERENCES ﾿