Bioethanol And Biomass Production From Chrysophyllum Albidum (Udara Skin) Using Palm wine Yeasts

ABSTRACT

The disposal of Udara skin as waste has become a major concern that constitutes an environmental hazard for many countries because it is a major solid by-product. Dried udara peels have a high content of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which make it suitable as fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed. The present work aims at utilizing Udara skin for the production of ethanol and biomass using palmwine yeasts. It is also one of the measures of converting waste into useful products.  The Udara peel were ground to fine powder and hydrolyzed,   until almost all the cellulose are digested to glucose. The hydrolysate was neutralized with 2% NOH and filtered. Determination of reducing sugar by Anthrone reagent confirmed presence of glucose in the medium.  The pH was decreased from 6.1 to 2.2 at room temperature while the titratable acidity decreased from 0.67±0.21 to 1.83±0.29 and fall in the sugar content from 18.60±00.3 to 1.42±0.00 after 11days of fermentation. The result of the experiment conducted shows that cellulose agricultural waste particularly Udara skin is a potential substrate which can be exploited in industries for bioethanol production on commercial 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title ﾿     Page ﾿ s

Titled Page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table Of Contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ ix

List of ﾿ Figures ﾿ x

Abstract ﾿ xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ﾿ 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 4

2.1 ﾿ African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) ﾿ 4

2.2 ﾿ Cellulose ﾿ 6 

2.3 ﾿ Cellulosic Ethanol ﾿ 6

2.4 ﾿ Production of Ethanol from Cellulose ﾿ 7

2.4.1 ﾿ Cellulolysis (Biological Approach) ﾿ 7

2.4.2 ﾿ Pretreatment ﾿ 8

2.4.3 ﾿ Cellulolytic Processes ﾿ 9

2.4.4 ﾿ Chemical Hydrolysis ﾿ 10

2.4.5 ﾿ Enzymatic Hydrolysis ﾿ 10

2.5 ﾿ Bioethanol ﾿ 12

2.6 ﾿ Ethanol production technologies ﾿ 13

2.7 ﾿ Fermentation ﾿ 13

2.8 ﾿ Biomass ﾿ 14

2.9.0 ﾿ Fermentation Parameters ﾿ 16 

2.9.1 ﾿ Fermentation time ﾿ 16 

2.9.2 ﾿ Effect of Ph ﾿ 16

2.9 .3 ﾿ Effect of Temperature ﾿ 17

2.10  Palm Wine ﾿ 17

2.11 ﾿ Economic impact of Ethanol production ﾿ 18

2.12 ﾿ Environmental impact of Bioethanol Production ﾿ 19

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ﾿ MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿ 21

3.1 ﾿ Materials ﾿ 21

3.2 ﾿ Methods ﾿ 21

3.2.1 ﾿ Sample Preparation ﾿ 21

3.2.2 ﾿ Preparation of fungi inculum (Trichoderma) ﾿ 21

3.2.3 ﾿ Media Preparation ﾿ 22

3.3 ﾿ Deliquification of substrate ﾿ 22

3.4 ﾿ Fermentation for Ethanol production ﾿ 23

3.5.0 ﾿ Method of analysis ﾿ 23

3.5.1 ﾿ Determination of sugar content                        ﾿ 23

3.5.2 ﾿ Determination of pH ﾿ 23

3.5.3 ﾿ Determination of Specific Gravity ﾿ 24

3.5.4 ﾿ Determination of Total Solids ﾿ 24

3.5.5 ﾿ Determination of Titratable Acid (TTA) ﾿ 25

3.5.6 ﾿ Determination of Ethanol Content ﾿ 26

3.5.7 ﾿ Statistical Analysis ﾿ 26

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ﾿ 27

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ﾿ DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ﾿ 32

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 32

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 34

REFERENCES ﾿ 35