Bacteriological And Physico-Chemical Analyses Of Some Borehole Water Within Amaoba In Ikwuano Local Government Area Abia State

ABSTRACT

The bacteriological and physico-chemical analyses of some of the borehole water within Amaoba in Ikwuano Local Government Area Abia State were carried out. The bacteriological analysis was carried using spread plate method and MPN (most probable number) technique for coliform and faecal count. Five bacterial genera Escherichia coli, Streptococcus species, Klebsiella species, Salmonella species and Shigella species were isolated. The mean of total viable count (TVC) gave a range of 2.18×103 –12.93×103cfu/ml while Salmonella-Shigella count (SSC) gave a range of 3.08×103 – 7.78×103cfu/ml. The total coliform count (TCC) gave a range of 3.95 – 7.90MPN/100ml and total faecal count, a range of 2.38 – 10.13 MPN/100ml. The total coliform count did not exceed the standard requirement of 10 TCC MPN/100ml for Cheesbroug, WHO and NSDWQ except TVC, SSC and TFC. For the bacteriological analysis, there was no significant difference(s) (P>0.005). For the physico-chemical, the odour, colour, taste, conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solid, temperature, sulphate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, and carbondioxide were in compliance with WHO, NAFDAC, NSDWQ, and USEPA except pH that was in variations, only Umuolu, Umuoshotulu, and Umuawuru that met the standards for drinking water. From the physico-chemical result, there was significant difference(s) (P<0.05) for pH while for others there was no significant difference(s) (P>0.05). Treatment of this water sources is essential for the water to be safe for drinking.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iv

Table of contents ﾿ v

List of figures ﾿ xii

List of tables ﾿ xiii

Abstract ﾿ xiv

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 Justification ﾿ 5

1.2 Aims and Objectives ﾿ 6

CHAPTER TWO: 

2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 7

2.1 ﾿ Sources of Water ﾿ 7

2.1.1 ﾿ Surface Water ﾿ 7

2.1.2 ﾿ Groundwater ﾿ 8

2.1.2.1 ﾿ Borehole Water ﾿ 9

2.2 ﾿ Sources of Groundwater Pollution ﾿ 10

2.3  ﾿ Groundwater Remediation ﾿ 11

2.3.1 ﾿ Groundwater treatment Techniques ﾿ 11

2.3.1.1 ﾿ Biological Treatment Technologies ﾿ 12

2.3.1.2 ﾿ Chemical Treatment Technologies ﾿ 14

2.3.1.3 ﾿ Physical Treatment Technologies ﾿ 17

2.4 ﾿ Pathogens Survival in Groundwater ﾿ 18

2.5 ﾿ Microbiological Analyses of Water ﾿ 19

2.5.1 ﾿ Indicator Organisms ﾿ 21

2.5.1.1 ﾿ Criteria for Indicator Organisms ﾿ 22

2.5.1.2 ﾿ Coliforms ﾿ 22

2.5.1.3 ﾿ Faecal Coliform ﾿ 23

2.5.1.4 Escherichia coli ﾿ 24

2.5.1.5 Faecal Streptococci ﾿ 25

2.5.1.6 Other indicators ﾿ 26

2.5.1.7 ﾿ Pseudomonas aeruginosa ﾿ 27

2.6 ﾿ Contaminants in Water ﾿ 27

2.6.1 ﾿ Microbial Contaminants ﾿ 27

2.6.2 ﾿ Radiological Contaminants ﾿ 28

2.6.3 ﾿ Organic Chemical Contaminants ﾿ 28

2.6.4 ﾿ Inorganic Contaminants ﾿ 29

2.7 ﾿ Water Treatment and Purification ﾿ 29

2.7.1 ﾿ Sedimentation ﾿ 29

2.7.2 ﾿ Aeration ﾿ 29

2.7.3 ﾿ Coagulation ﾿ 30

2.7.4 ﾿ Softening ﾿ 30

2.7.5 ﾿ Filtration ﾿ 30

2.7.6 ﾿ Adsorption ﾿ 30

2.7.7 ﾿ Chlorination ﾿ 31

2.7.8 ﾿ Sanitation Assessment of Ground Water Quality ﾿ 31

2.8 ﾿ Physico-Chemical Properties of Water ﾿ 32

2.8.1 ﾿ Physical Properties ﾿ 32

2.8.1.1 ﾿ Appearance/Colour ﾿ 32

2.8.1.2 ﾿ Odour ﾿ 33

2.8.1.3 ﾿ Taste ﾿ 33

2.8.1.4 ﾿ Cloudiness/Turbidity ﾿ 33

2.8.2 ﾿   Chemical Properties ﾿ 33

2.8.2.1 ﾿ Electrical Conductivity ﾿ 33

2.8.2.2 ﾿ pH Value ﾿ 33

2.8.2.3 ﾿ Temperature ﾿ 34

2.8.2.4 ﾿   Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/l ﾿ 35

2.8.2.5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l ﾿ 35

2.8.2.6 Total Hardness ﾿ 35

2.8.2.7 ﾿ Carbondioxide ﾿ 37

2.8.2.8 ﾿ Total Alkalinity ﾿ 37

2.8.2.9 ﾿ Chloride ﾿ 37

2.8.2.10 Sulphate ﾿ 37

2.8.2.11 Nitrate ﾿ 38

2.8.2.12 Oxygen ﾿ 38

2.8.2.13 Calcium ﾿ 38

2.8.2.14 Magnesium ﾿ 38

2.8.2.15 Iron ﾿ 39

2.8.2.16 Lead ﾿ 39

2.9 ﾿ Current Registration and Surveillance of Drinking Water ﾿ 39

2.9.1 ﾿ Microbiological Aspects ﾿ 39

2.9.2 ﾿ World Health Organization and NAFDAC Standards ﾿ 40

CHAPTER THREE: 

3.0 ﾿ MATERALS AND METHODS ﾿ 44

3.1 ﾿ Study Area ﾿ 44

3.2 ﾿ Sample Collection ﾿ 44

3.3 ﾿ Bacteriological Water Analysis ﾿ 45

3.3 1 ﾿ Media Preparation ﾿ 45

3.3.2 ﾿ Sample Preparation ﾿ 45

3.3.3 ﾿ Enumeration of Bacteria Count ﾿ 46

3.3.4 ﾿ Isolation and Identification of Heterotrophic Bacteria of the Water Samples ﾿ 46

3.3.4.1 ﾿ Cultural Examination ﾿ 47

3.3.4.2 Gram Staining And Microscopic Examination ﾿ 48

3.3.4.3 Test for Motility ﾿ 48

3.3.5 Biochemical Tests ﾿ 48

3.3.5.1 Catalase Production Test ﾿ 48

3.3.5.2 Oxidase Test ﾿ 49

3.3.5.3 Coagulase Test ﾿ 49

3.3.5.4 Indole Test ﾿ 49

3.3.5.5 Citrate Utilization Test ﾿ 50

3.3.6 ﾿ Test for Coliforms ﾿ 50

3.3.6.1 Presumptive Test ﾿ 50

3.3.6.2 Confirmed Test ﾿ 51

3.3.6.3 Completed Test ﾿ 51

3.4 ﾿ Determination of Physico-chemical Analyses of Borehole Water ﾿ 51

3.4.1 ﾿ Organoleptic or Physical Parameters of the Borehole Samples ﾿ 51

3.4.1.1 ﾿ Colour Determination ﾿ 51

3.4.1.2 Taste Determination ﾿ 52

3.4.1.3 Odour Determination ﾿ 52

3.4.2 ﾿ Chemical Parameters of the Borehole Water Samples ﾿ 52

3.4.2.1 ﾿ Conductivity Determination ﾿ 52

3.4.2.2 pH Determination ﾿ 52

3.4.2.3 Temperature Determination ﾿ 53

3.4.2.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Determination ﾿ 53

3.4.2.5 Total Suspended Solids ﾿ 54

3.4.2.6 Sulphate (SO4) Determination ﾿ 54

3.4.2.7 ﾿ Total Hardness Determination (THD) ﾿ 55

3.4.2.8 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Determination ﾿ 55

3.5 ﾿ Statistical Analysis ﾿ 56

CHAPTER FOUR: 

4.0 ﾿ RESULTS ﾿ 57

CHAPTER FIVE: 

5.0 ﾿ DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ﾿ 61

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 61

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 64

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 65

﾿ References ﾿ 66

﾿ Appendix