Bacterial Contamination Of Nigerian Currencies

ABSTARCT

Naira is the Nigerian currency used as the country’s legal tender. Naira notes handled by fish seller, meat seller and among students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture were evaluated for microbial contaminations. Four markets, Ndoro, Ibeku Amawom and Umudike markets and Students within Umuahia metropolis were used for the study.  Four selling point and eighteen (18) denominations of naira from market with eight (8) denomination from students making a total of twenty four (24) denominations were studies covering 5,10,20,50,100,200,500 and 1000 naira denominations. The assessment involved isolation and identification of bacterial organisms on naira notes, evaluation of microbial load, and determination of the percentage (%) of occurrence of the contamination. And evaluation of the Microbial load associated with the contaminants found. A total number of 45 bacterial organisms were isolated. These organisms comprised of seven (7) bacteria genera out of which Escherichia coli (26.7%), proteus species (31.1%) ranked the highest in frequency. It was observed that some of the microbial isolates are pathogenic to human beings. The result actually show that bank notes could serve as a vehicle for transmission of pathogenic organisms. The need for improvement in the personal hygiene of meat sellers, fish sellers and careful handling of the naira notes by the public is encouraged. All the bacteria isolates show higher percentage sensitivity to streptomycin antibiotic.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgments ﾿ iv

Table of content ﾿   ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ vii

Abstract ﾿ viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 Aim of the study ﾿ 4

1.2 Objective of the study ﾿ 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature view ﾿ 5

2.1 Various Bacteria Contaminants Associated fomites ﾿ 11

2.1.1 Coagulase negative staphylococci (coaNs) ﾿ 11

2.1.2 Klebsiella species ﾿ 11

2.1.3 Bacillus spp ﾿ 12

2.1.4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ﾿ 12

2.1.5 Proteus spp ﾿ 13

2.1.6 Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 13

2.1.7 Escherichia coli ﾿ 14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and methods ﾿ 15

3.0 ﾿ . Study Area ﾿ 15

3.1 Sample Collection ﾿ 15

3.2 Serial Dilution ﾿ 16

3.3 Sterilization Method ﾿ 16

3.4 Preparation of Media ﾿ 17

3.5 Culturing ﾿ 17

3.6 Microbiological Evaluation ﾿ 18

3.7 Gram Staining Technique ﾿ 18

3.8 Biochemical Analysis ﾿ 19

3.8.1 Oxidase Test ﾿ 19

3.8.2 Catalase Test ﾿ 19

3.8.3 Motility Test ﾿ 20

3.8.4 Indole Test ﾿ 20

3.8.5 Citrate Utilization Test ﾿ 20

3.8.6 Coagulase Test ﾿ 21

3.8.7 Urease Test ﾿ 22

3.8.8 Triple Sugar Iron Test (Tsi) Test ﾿ 23

3.9 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ﾿ 23

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Results ﾿ 24

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion Recommendation and Conclusion ﾿ 31

5.1 Discussion ﾿ 31

5.2 Recommendation ﾿ 34

5.3 Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 35

References