Bacterial Contamination Of Different Poultry Feeds In Umuahia Metropolis.

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to isolate of microorganisms associated with different poultry feeds in Umuahia Metropolis. A total of thirty-six (36) feed samples were collected from different feed types (starter, grower, finisher and layers feed) and five (5) different organisms were isolated which include; Salmonella sp 13(33.3), Staphylococcus aureus 10(25.6%), Bacillus spp 7(17.9%), Proteus sp 4(10.3) and Escherichia coli 5(12.8%). Salmonella sp was the most frequently isolated organism as it has the highest percentage of occurrence, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25.6%), Bacillus sp (17.9%), Escherichia coli (12.8%) and Proteus sp (10.3%). The viable counts of samples tested indicated that feed samples from rainbow feed were mostly loaded with bacteria (8.7x10⁶ cfu/g of feed, in average), followed by samples from vital feed (5.9 x10⁶ cfu/g of feed, in average) and the least loaded were those from top feeds (5.0 x10⁶ cfu/g of feed, in average). Sensitivity test was carried out and most of the isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin (30µg), followed by gentamicin (10µg), imipinem (25µg), Nitrofurantoin (30µg) and resistant to Augmentin (30µg), Cefexime (30µg), cefotaxime (30µg) and Cefuroxime (30µg). From the result of this study, it is necessary to evaluate a feed safety by bacteriological examination of imported poultry feed to ensure safety and quality of feed to prevent poultry diseases and great economic losses.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S/N

TITLE

PAGE3

1

Title Page

I

2

Certification

Ii

3

Dedication

Iii

4

Acknowledgement

Iv

5

Table of Contents

v

6

List of Tables

vii

7

Abstract

viii

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

2.0

Literature Review

4

2.1

Bacterial Contamination of Imported Poultry Feed In Iraq

4

2.2

Salmonella Prevalence in the Poultry Feed Industry in Pakistan

5

2.3

Isolation and Identification of Escherichia Coli and Salmonella

From Poultry Litter and Feed

6

2.4

Bacteria Contaminating Poultry Feeds

7

2.4.1

Salmonella

9

2.4.2

Salmonella contamination of poultry feed

10

2.4.3

Escherichia coli

11

2.4.4

Klebsiella species

11

2.4.5

Proteus species

11

2.4.6

Hafnia alvei    

12

2.4.7

Bacillus species

12

2.4.7.1

Bacillus megaterium

12

2.4.7.2

Bacillus mycoides

13

2.4.7.3

Bacillus lentus

13

2.4.8

Staphylococcus species

13

2.4.8.1

Staphylococcus aureus

13

2.9

Streptococcus species

14

2.9.1

Streptococcus pyogenes

14

2.5

Sources of contamination

14

2.5.1

Ingredient contamination

14

2.5.2

Storage (temperature and humidity)  

15

2.5.3

Handling and transportation

15

3.0

3.1

CHAPTER THREE

Materials and Methods

Materials

16

16

3.1.1

Collection of Samples

16

3.1.2

Methods

16

3.2

Sterilization of Materials

16

3.2.1

Culture Media Preparation

16

3.2.2

Inoculation and Isolation

16

3.2.3

Colony Counts of Isolated Microorganisms

17

3.2.4

Purification of Isolates

17

3.2.5

Identification of the Isolates

17

3.2.6

Gram Staining

18

3.2.7

Biochemical Test

18

3.2.7.1

Catalase Test

18

3.2.7.2

Indole Test

18

3.2.7.3

Citrate Utilization Test          

19

3.2.7.4

Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) Production Test

19

3.2.7.5

Starch Hydrolysis      

19

3.2.7.6

Motility, Indole, Urease (MIU)

20

3.2.7.7

Coagulase Test

20

3.2.7.8

Oxidase Test

21

3.2.8

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

21

 

CHAPTER FOUR

 

4.0

Result 

22

 

CHAPTER FIVE

 

5.0

Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation

27

5.1

Discussion

27

5.2

Conclusion

29

5.3

Recommendation

29

 

References

30