Assessment Of Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Properties Of Tetrapleura Tetraptera On Some Human Pathogens

ABSTRACT

This study was to access the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Tetraplera tetraptera on some human pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of Tetraplera tetraptera on some pathogens was investigated with different solvents (Ethanol, Methanol, Cold and Hot water) against test organisms (Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureuas, Salmonella spp, Shigella, Aspergillus and Candida albican). The different extracts were prepared at different concentration (50mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150mg/ml and 200mg/ml). Amongst the different Tetraplera tetraptera extracts studies, ethanolic extract generated more phytochemical constituents than the methanol, cold water and hot water extracts. The study revealed that the ethanolic extract had more significant inhibitory effect than methanolic, cold water and hot water extracts. Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus, had the highest sensitivity (15mm, and 16mm) against the methanol and ethanol extract of Tetraplera tetraptera, followed by Aspergillus niger on the ethanolic extracts of Tetraplera tetraptera at 14mm. Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol were used as control. The antioxidant potentials of Tetraplera tetraptera plant extracts have been linked with their flavonoids contents may provide anti-inflammatory activity. Ethanolic extracts and methanolic extracts of Tetraplera tetraptera have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; hence can serve as natural therapeutic agent against some enteric pathogens.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ﾿   ﾿   i

Certification ﾿ iii

Dedication ﾿ iv

Acknowledgement ﾿ v

Table of Contents ﾿ vi

List of Tables ﾿ vii

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Aim and Objectives ﾿ 4

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review ﾿ 6

2.1 ﾿ Description of the Plant and Use ﾿ 6

2.2 ﾿ Classification of Phytochemicals ﾿ 7 

2.2.1 ﾿ Tannins ﾿ 7

2.2.2 ﾿ Flavonoids ﾿ 7

2.2.3 ﾿ Organic Acids ﾿ 8

2.2.4 ﾿ Phenols ﾿ 8

2.2.5 ﾿ Nitrogenous Compounds ﾿ 8

2.2.6 ﾿ Terpenes or Terpenoids ﾿ 8

2.2.7 ﾿ Alkaloids ﾿ 9

2.2.8 ﾿ Saponins ﾿ 9

2.3 ﾿ Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds ﾿ 10

2.4 ﾿ Antioxidant Activity of Aromatic Plants ﾿ 12

2.5 ﾿ Antioxidant Activity from Aroma Compounds and Essential Oils ﾿ 13

2.6 ﾿ Essential Oils as Antioxidants in Foods ﾿ 16

2.8 ﾿ Biology and Pathogenecity of Test Organisms ﾿ 18

2.8.1 ﾿ Escherichia coli ﾿ 18

2.8.2 ﾿ Salmonella ﾿ 18

2.8.3 ﾿ Shigella ﾿ 19

2.8.4 ﾿ Candida albicans ﾿ 19

2.9 ﾿ Comparative Study of the Phytochemical Composition of the Leaves of 

﾿ Five Nigerian Medicinal Plants ﾿ 20

CHAPTER THREE

﾿ Materials and Methods ﾿ 21

3.1 ﾿ Sample Collection ﾿ 21

3.2 ﾿ Sterilization of Materials ﾿ 21

3.3 ﾿ Preparation of Extracts ﾿ 21

3.3.1 ﾿ Ethanolic and Methanolic Extract Preparation ﾿ 21

3.3.2 ﾿ Preparation of Different Concentration of Extract ﾿ 22

3.4 ﾿ Biochemical Identification of the Test Organisms ﾿ 22

3.4.1 ﾿ Catalase Test ﾿ 22

3.4.2 ﾿ Indole Test ﾿ 22

3.4.3 ﾿ Citrate Utilization Test ﾿ 22

3.4.5 ﾿ Motility Test ﾿ 23

3.4.6 ﾿ Voges-Proskauer Test ﾿ 23

3.4.7 ﾿ Methyl Red Test ﾿ 23

3.5 ﾿ Determination of Antimicrobial Activity ﾿ 24

3.6 ﾿ Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ﾿ 24

3.7 ﾿ Determination of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ﾿ 25

3.8 ﾿ Phytochemical Screening of the Extract ﾿ 25

3.8.1 ﾿ Qualitative Analysis ﾿ 25

3.9 ﾿ Methods for Testing Antioxidative Activity ﾿ 26

3.10 ﾿ Determination of Minerals ﾿ 26

3.10.1 ﾿ Calcium and Magnesium Determination ﾿ 26

3.11 ﾿ Determination of Vitamins ﾿ 27

3.11.1 ﾿ Thiamine (VIT B1) Determination ﾿ 27

3.11.2 ﾿ Riboflavine (VIT B2) Determination ﾿ 28

3.11.3 ﾿ Niacin Content Determination ﾿ 28

3.11.4 ﾿ Determination of Vitamin C ﾿ 29

CHAPTER FOUR

Results ﾿ 28

4.1. ﾿ Qualitative Phyto-Chemical Constituents of Tetrapleura tetraptera Leave Extract ﾿ 30

4.2. ﾿ Identification and Characterization of Indicator Bacterial ﾿ 30

4.3. ﾿ Identification and Characterize of Test Organisms (Fungal) ﾿ 30

4.4. ﾿ Antimicrobial Activity of Tetrapleura Tetraptera Plant Extract against Fungi, 

﾿ Gram Positive and Negative Human Pathogen ﾿ 30

4.5a. ﾿ Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Maximum Bactericidal Concentration 

﾿ Value of Tetrapleura Tetraptera against Test Bacteria and Fungi ﾿ 31

4.5b. ﾿ Minimum Bactericidal Concentration Value of Tetrapleura Tetraptera against 

﾿ Test Bacteria and Fungi ﾿ 31

4.6. ﾿ Vitamin Composition Analysis of Tetrapleura Tetraptera Plant Leaf ﾿ 32

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ﾿ Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 40

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 40

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 42

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 42

﾿ References