Antimicrobial Efficacy Of Waterguard On Selected Water Borne Pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp).

ABSTRACT

The study of the efficacy of water guard on waterborne pathogens isolates from domestic water sources in Umudike was carried out. A total of 50 samples of water were randomly collected from locations in Umudike which include, Umuariaga, Amaba, MOUAU, Amawom and Mel-Rose and analyzed for bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella) contamination. Waterborne pathogens isolated from the water before treatment includes, Escherichia coli (69%), Salmonella (20.9%), and Shigella (10.1%). The microorganism isolated after treatment of water with water guard was Escherichia coli while Salmonella and Shigella were eliminated during treatment. The morphological characteristics of the isolates and Gram staining reaction was determined. Biochemical properties of the isolates were also determined. The most prevalent organism before and after treatment with water guard was Escherichia coli and this implied that water treated with water guard is not safe and portable as popularly believed by the people of Umudike. Also there is not any scientific publication on the effects of waterborne pathogens and efficacy of water guard on water borne pathogens in the areas of study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iv

Table of contents ﾿ v

List of table ﾿ vi

Abstract ﾿ vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿       Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Aims and Objectives ﾿ 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ ﾿ Literature Review ﾿ 3

2.1 ﾿ The Risks of Water-Borne Diseases ﾿ 6

2.1.2 ﾿ The Challenge of Disinfection by Products ﾿ 7

2.1.3 ﾿ Chlorine And Water System Security ﾿ 7

2.1.4 ﾿ Feacal Contamination ﾿ 8

2.1.5 ﾿ Source Water Protection ﾿ 9

2.1.6 ﾿ Water Treatment ﾿ 10

2.1.7 ﾿ Method of Treatments of Potable water ﾿ 10 

2.2 ﾿     Waterborne Pathogens And Aquatabs ﾿ 15

2.2.2 ﾿ Traveller’s Diarrhoea ﾿ 15

2.2.3 ﾿ Giardia And Cryptosporidium ﾿ 16

2.2.4 ﾿ Dysentry ﾿ 18

2.2.5 ﾿ Salmonella ﾿ ` ﾿ ` ﾿ 19

2.2.6 ﾿ Escherichia Coli ﾿ 20

2.2.7 ﾿ Typhoid Fever ﾿ 21

2.2.8 ﾿ Cholera ﾿ 22

2.2.9 ﾿ Hepatitis A ﾿ 23

2.2.8..1 Hepatitis E ﾿ 23

2.2.10 ﾿ Emerging Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens ﾿ 24

2.2.9.1 Mycobacterium Avium Complex (Mac) ﾿ 24

2.3 ﾿ Water Guard: A Household Disinfectant ﾿ 25

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ﾿     Materials And Methods ﾿ 27

3.1     Collection of Water Samples ﾿ 27

3.1.0 ﾿ Media Used Preparation and Sterilization ﾿ 27

3.1.1 ﾿ Treatment of Water Samples with Water Guard ﾿ 27

3.2 ﾿       Sample Preparation And Inoculation ﾿ 28

3.2.1 ﾿ Purification Of Isolates ﾿ 28

3.3 ﾿       Gram Staining ﾿ 28

3.3.1 ﾿ Biochemical Tests ﾿ 29

3.3.2 ﾿ Catalase Test ﾿ 29

3.3.3 ﾿ Coagulase ﾿ 29

3.3.3.1 ﾿ Citrate Test ﾿ 30

3.3.3.2 ﾿ Indole Test ﾿ 30

3.3.3.3 ﾿ Motility Test ﾿ 30

3.3.3.4 ﾿ Sugar fermentation test ﾿ 31

3.3.3.5  Methyl Red Test ﾿ 31

3.3.3.6  Voges – Proskauer ﾿ 31

4.0 RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion ﾿ 38

5.2 Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 39

REFERENCE