ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF Emilia sonchifolia (Lilac tasselflower) AND Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) ON WOUND PATHOGENS

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata were tested on five microorganism isolated from wound, they include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were resistant to the aqueous leaf extracts of both Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata. The ethanol extracts of Chromolaena odorata produced 25mm zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus at 100mg/ml concentration while ethanol extracts of Emilia sonchifolia produced the same 25mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at 100mg/ml. Extracts of Emilia sonchifolia produced 20mm zone of inhibition against Candida albicans at 100mg/ml concentration while Chromolaena odorata produced 17mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at the same concentration. Also extracts of Chromolaena odorata produced 20mm zone of inhibition against Streptococcus pyogenes at 100mg/ml concentrations while Emilia sonchifolia produced 14mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at the same concentration. Susceptible organisms were subjected to MIC and MBC experiments. However, the experiments carried out showed that the ethanol leaf extracts of Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata can be used in the treatment of wound infection. This justifies the therapeutic use of Chromolaea odorata and Emilia sonchifolia. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS ﾿

CERTIFICATION ﾿ i

DEDICATION ﾿ ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ﾿ iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ﾿ iv

LIST OF TABLES ﾿ vi

ABSTRACT ﾿ vii

 CHAPTER ONE ﾿

1.1 ﾿ INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

1.2 ﾿ SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY ﾿ 2

1.3 ﾿ OBJECTIVES OF STUDY ﾿ 3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿

2.1 ﾿ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MEDICINAL PLANTS ﾿ 4 

2.2 ﾿ WOUND ﾿ 5

2.3 ﾿ ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE ﾿ 6

2.4 ﾿ ORIGIN AND MEDICINAL USE OF Emilia 

sonchifolia (IDENTITY AND TAXONOMY) ﾿ 8

2.5 ﾿ ORIGIN AND MEDICINAL USES OF Chromolaena 

            odorata (IDENTITY AND TAXONOMY) ﾿

2.6 ﾿ PHYTOTHERAPY ﾿ 9

2.7 ﾿ PHYTOCHEMICALS ﾿ 10

2.8 ﾿ CLASSIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS    ﾿ 10

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1   C0LLECTION OF PLANT MATERIALS ﾿ 14

3.2 ﾿ PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT                                  ﾿ 14

3.3 ﾿ COLLECTION OF WOUND SAMPLE                                              ﾿ 15

3.4 ﾿ INOCULATION OF SAMPLE ﾿ 16

3.5 ﾿ CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATES ﾿ 16

3.6    ﾿ BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION ﾿ 18

3.7  ﾿ ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST ﾿ 16

3.8    ﾿ DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION 

           (MIC) AND MINIMUM  BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION (MBC) 

           OF PLANT EXTRACT ﾿ 19

3.9    ﾿ PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ﾿ 19

CHAPTER 4

RESULT ﾿ 21

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 ﾿ DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ﾿ 27

5.2 ﾿ CONCLUSION ﾿ 29

5.3 ﾿ RECOMMENDATION ﾿ 30

REFERENCES ﾿ 31

APPENDICES ﾿ 35

LIST OF TABLES

Table ﾿        Title ﾿ Page

1 ﾿ Morphology and Characteristics of Bacteria Isolated from Wound        ﾿ 22

 2 ﾿ Morphology and characteristics of fungi isolated from wound            ﾿ 23

 3 ﾿ ﾿ Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Minimum inhibitory concentration 

(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 

Aqueous and Ethanolic leaf extracts of Emilia sonchifolia 

against test isolates      ﾿ 24

 4 ﾿ ﾿ Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Minimum inhibitory concentration 

(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) 

of Aqueous and Ethanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata 

against test isolates      ﾿ 25 

 5 ﾿ Phytochemical Components of Leaf Extracts of Emilia sonchifolia 

and Chromolaena odorata ﾿ 26