ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE
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ABSTRACT
The prevalence of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi respectively have increasingly affected Nigerian students causing a shift in their healthy living, using students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike as a case study. This study is carried out to determine antibody titre levels to febrile antigens of Salmonella species among students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike at Umuahia, Abia state. The analysis was carried out with random blood samples of 50 students of Michael Okpara University in which the age and sex distribution of study respondents was determined with the help of questionnaire which contributed immensely for the information needed towards the success of this project. After the collection of data with the questionnaire from the same students that volunteered their blood for the success of the test(s), the age range of the respondents (i.e. Students) was between 20 to 28years of age, number of male students tested was 26 while total number of female students tested was 24. Then after proper laboratory investigations, using standard laboratory procedure; based on slide agglutination test, the total number of percentage of students with S.typhi was 20, and total number of students with S.paratyphi A, B, and C was 5.Based on tube agglutination test, the titre levels of agglutination of S.typhi and S.paratyphi A, B, and C under the somatic (O) and flagella (H) antigen(s) which was less than 1:80, equal to 1:80 and greater than 1:80 was 25 and 30 respectively. Then based on Widal agglutination test, the blood samples from the female students recorded higher titre values compared to that of the males’ which is as a result of poor personal and general hygiene practices by the females in their hostels and consumption of food and water contaminated with the pathogen via fecal to oral contact.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ﾿ ﾿ i
Certification ﾿ ii
Dedication ﾿ iii
Acknowledgement ﾿ iv
Table of Contents ﾿ v
List of Tables ﾿ vii
Abstract ﾿ viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 ﾿ INTRODUCTION
1.1 ﾿ Background Information ﾿ 1
1.2 ﾿ Problem Statement ﾿ 4
1.3 ﾿ Aims and objectives ﾿ 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 ﾿ Typhoid Fever ﾿ 8
2.1.1 ﾿ Pathology ﾿ 9
2.2 ﾿ Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever 9
2.3 ﾿ Clinical Presentation of Typhoid Fever ﾿ 11
2.4 ﾿ Transmission and Risk Factors ﾿ 12
2.5 ﾿ Immune Response to Salmonella ﾿ 13
2.5.1 ﾿ Innate immune response ﾿ 14
2.5.2 ﾿ Acquired immune response ﾿ 15
2.5.2.1 ﾿ Role of T cells during the immune response ﾿ 16
2.5.2.2 ﾿ Role of antibodies in immunity against Salmonella ﾿ 16
2.6 ﾿ Virulence factors of Salmonella ﾿ 16
2.7 ﾿ Prevention of Typhoid Fever
2.7.1 ﾿ Safe water and food ﾿ 17
2.7.2 ﾿ Proper sanitation ﾿ 17
2.7.3 ﾿ Health education ﾿ 18
2.7.4 ﾿ Typhoid fever vaccines ﾿ 18
2.8 ﾿ Diagnosis of typhoid fever ﾿ 19
2.8.1 ﾿ Widal agglutination test ﾿ 19
2.8.2 ﾿ Tube Agglutination Test ﾿ 20
2.9 ﾿ Treatment of Typhoid Fever ﾿ 21
2.9.1 ﾿ General management ﾿ 21
2.9.2 ﾿ Treatment for complicated typhoid fever ﾿ 21
2.10 ﾿ Resistance of S. Typhi to Antibiotics ﾿ 22
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 ﾿ MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 ﾿ Study Area ﾿ 23
3.2 ﾿ Source Population ﾿ 23
3.3 ﾿ Collection of Specimens ﾿ 23
3.4 ﾿ Widal Test ﾿ 23
3.5 ﾿ Slide Test Procedure ﾿ 24
3.6 ﾿ Standard Tube Test Method ﾿ 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ﾿ 25
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 33
5.1 Conclusion ﾿ 34
5.2 Recommendation ﾿ 35
References ﾿ 36
LIST OF TABLES
Tables ﾿ Title pages
1. ﾿ Age and sex distribution of study respondents ﾿ 26
2. ﾿ Showing the number of students infected with S.typhi and S.paratyphi ﾿ 27
A, B, C based on slide agglutination test ﾿ 28
3. ﾿ Antibody titre levels to febrile antigens of S.typhi in the study population ﾿ 29
4. Showing titre levels of agglutination of S.paratyphi A in tube agglutination test ﾿ 30
5. Showing titre level of agglutination of S.paratyphi B in tube agglutination test ﾿ 31
6. Showing titre level of agglutination of S.paratyphi C in the tube agglutination test ﾿ 32
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APA
MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, C. C., & ORJI (2020). ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. Retrieved June 7, 2026, from http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike
MLA
MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, CHRISTIAN CHINEDU, and ORJI. "ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE." Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, 21 Apr. 2020, http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike. Accessed June 7, 2026.
Chicago
MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, CHRISTIAN CHINEDU, and ORJI. "ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE." Michael Okpara University of Agriculture (2020). Accessed June 7, 2026. http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike