Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Of Bacterial Isolates From Waste Dump Site In Federal Medical Centre, Aba Road, Umuahia, Abia State

ABSTRACT

Efficient bio-medical waste management is a major challenge in Africa, and Nigeria in particular. Uncontrolled and excessive use of antibiotics by human may cause an increase in the prevalence and distribution of resistance genes in the environmental samples such as biomedical wastes. Antibiotics resistance is a global problem currently threatening the treatment of infections in plants, animals and humans. This study investigated the antibiotics resistant pattern of bacterial isolates from waste dump sites in Federal Medical Centre, Aba Road, Umuahia, Abia State. The isolates present in the samples were isolated and identified using cultural and biochemical techniques. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility to determine the resistant pattern of the isolates to some antimicrobial agents. Exactly fifty (50) samples from different dump sites from Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia were analyzed. A total of 41 bacterial species were isolated from the 50 samples. Bacillus spp occupied 36.9% of the total number of the isolates, Escherichia coli occupied 17.1%, Streptococcus spp occupied 22.0%, and Klebsiellaspp occupied 7.3% of the total number of isolates. The isolates showed multidrug resistance to Chloramphenicol, Septrin, Augmentin, Amoxycillin and Streptomycin. From the result, Bacillus spp showed the highest resistance to almost all the antibiotics tested. All the Bacillus spp isolates (100%) were resistant to Augmentin,93.3% of Bacillus spp showed resistance to Amoxycillin, 53.3% were resistant to Streptomycin, 86.7% were resistant to Chloramphenicol, 13.3% were resistant to Gentamicin while 6.7% were resistant to Pefloxacin. All the Bacillus sppisolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Among the isolates, Klebsiellaspp showed the least resistant to the antibiotics tested, only Augmentin, Amoxycillin and Chloramphenicol were resistance recorded. The high resistant to antibiotics as observed in this study is very alarming and thus highlights the global problem of antibiotics resistance to the public health. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Dedication ﾿ ii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iii

Certification ﾿ iv

Table of Contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ viii

List of Figures ﾿ ix

Abstract ﾿ x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Statement of Problem ﾿ 3

1.2 ﾿ Justification ﾿ 3

1.3 ﾿ Aim and Objectives ﾿ 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ Literature Review ﾿ 5

2.1 ﾿ Antibiotic Resistance ﾿ 6

2.1.1 ﾿ Emergence of Resistance ﾿ 7

2.2 ﾿ Problems of Antibiotic Resistance ﾿ 9

2.3 ﾿ Genetic Basis of Antibiotic Resistance ﾿ 10

2.3.1 ﾿ Inherent Resistance ﾿ 10

2.3.2 ﾿ Mutational resistance ﾿ 10

2.4 ﾿ Mechanisms for Emergence Resistance ﾿ 11

2.4.1 ﾿ Plasmid Mediated Resistance ﾿ 11

2.4.2 ﾿ Reduced Membrane Permeability ﾿ 12

2.4.3 ﾿ Modification of Target Resistance Site ﾿ 12

2.4.4 ﾿ Rapid Extrusion or Effluxpumps ﾿ 13

2.4.5 ﾿ Chromosome Mediated-Resistance ﾿ 13

2.5 ﾿ Mechanism of Resistance Transfer ﾿ 14

2.5.1 ﾿ Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes ﾿ 14

2.6 ﾿ Specific Mechanisms of Resistance ﾿ 17

2.6.1 ﾿ Staphylococcus aureus ﾿ 17

2.6.2 ﾿ Escherichia coli ﾿ 18

2.6.3 ﾿ Pseudomonas aeruginosa ﾿ 18

2.7 ﾿ Waste ﾿ 20

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ﾿ Materials and Method ﾿ 23 ﾿

3.1 ﾿ Collection of Samples ﾿ 23

3.2 ﾿ Media Preparation ﾿ 23 ﾿

3.3 ﾿ Isolation Characterization and Identification of Bacterial Isolates ﾿ 23

3.4 ﾿ Biochemical Test ﾿ 24

3.4.1 ﾿ Gram Staining ﾿ 24

3.4.2 ﾿ Motility Test ﾿ 24

3.4.3 ﾿ Catalase Test ﾿ 25

3.4.4 ﾿ Coagulase Test (Slide test) ﾿ 25

3.4.5 ﾿ Citrate Utilization Test ﾿ 25

3.4.6 ﾿ Indole Test ﾿ 26

3.4.7 ﾿ Urease Test ﾿ 26

3.4.8 ﾿ Triple Sugar Iron Test (TSI) ﾿ 27

3.4.9 ﾿ Endospore formation stain ﾿ 27

3.5 ﾿ Antibiotics susceptibility test ﾿ 27

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ﾿ Result ﾿ 29

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ﾿ Discussions ﾿ 38

5.1 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 39

5.2 ﾿ Recommendations ﾿ 40

References