Antibiogram Of Organism Of Public Health Importance From Tiger Nut Wash Water

ABSTRACT

The antibiogram of organisms of public health importance from tiger nut wash water sold in Umuahia was evaluated by standard microbial methods. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp, Enterobacter spp. The Gram positive isolate (Staphylococcus aureu) was highly susceptible to Levofloxacin (66.6%) followed by Chloramphenico(58.33%) and Erythromycin (58.33%) while it showed highest resistance is Oxacilin (83.33%) followed by Norflaxacin (66.66%)The Multiple Antibiotics Resistance Index (MARI) ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 for Gram positive isolate, while it ranged from 0.12 to 0.6 for Gram negative. The phenotypic characteristics of the organisms showed varied resistance patterns to the antibiotic used. The presence of these organisms of public health importance shows the hazard level of consuming tiger nut without adequate washing.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ﾿ i

Certification page ﾿ ii

Dedication ﾿ iii

Acknowledgements ﾿ iv

Table of contents ﾿ v

List of Tables ﾿ viii

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ aim and objectives ﾿ 2

CHAPTER TWO-LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 3

2.0 ﾿ Tiger Nuts ﾿ 3

2.1 ﾿ Organisms of Public Health Importance ﾿ 6

2.1.1 ﾿ Pseudomonas ﾿ 6

2.1.2 ﾿ Escherichia coli ﾿ 6

2.1.3 ﾿ Salmonella ﾿ 7

2.1.4 ﾿ Shigella ﾿ 8

2.2 ﾿ Wash Water ﾿ 9

2.2.1 ﾿ Water is a scarce resource ﾿ 9

2.2.2 ﾿ Food Security ﾿ 10

2.2.3 ﾿ Demographics ﾿ 10

2.2.4 ﾿ Overuse ﾿ 10

2.2.5 ﾿ Environmental change ﾿ 11

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD ﾿ 12

3.1 ﾿ Collection of Sample ﾿ 12

3.2 ﾿ Materials/Media Used ﾿ 12

3.2.1 ﾿ Sterilization of Material ﾿ 12

3.3 ﾿ Microbiological Analysis ﾿ 12

3.3.1 ﾿ Preparation of Sample ﾿ 12

3.3.2 ﾿ Identification and Characterization of Bacteria Isolates ﾿ 13

3.4 ﾿ Identification of Bacteria Isolates ﾿ 13

3.4.1 ﾿ Motility Test ﾿ 13

3.4.2 ﾿ Gram Staining ﾿ 14

3.5 ﾿ Biochemical Test ﾿ 14

3.5.1 ﾿ Indole Test ﾿ 14

3.5.2 ﾿ Methyl Red Test ﾿ 15

3.5.3 ﾿ Voges Proskaeur (VP) test ﾿ 15

3.5.4 ﾿ Citrate Utilization Test ﾿ 15

3.5.5 ﾿ Urea Hydrolysis Test ﾿ 15

3.5.6 ﾿ H2S Production ﾿ 16

3.5.7 ﾿ Catalase Test ﾿ 16

3.5.8 ﾿ Coagulase Test ﾿ 16

3.5.9 ﾿ Oxidase Test ﾿ 16

3.6 ﾿ Determination Of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ﾿ 17

3.6.1 ﾿ Disk sensitivity tests ﾿ 17

CHAPTER FOUR ﾿ 18

RESULTS ﾿ 18

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ﾿ 28

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 28

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 30

5.3 ﾿ Recommendations ﾿ 30

REFERENCES ﾿ 31