ABSTRACT
Liquid herbal medicinal products are crude preparations of various kinds of medicinal plants involving leaves, roots, flowers and seeds. Ten liquid herbal medicinal products sold in Umuahia were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. They were first screened for pathogenic bacteria using streaking on Chocolate agar, MacConkey agar and Nutrient agar to identify the isolates. Gram staining procedure and biochemical tests were also carried out. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test was carried out to identify the antimicrobial activity of the liquid herbal products. The MIC and MBC for all the four herbal drugs against E.coli were 12.5% and 25%, 3.125% and 6.25%, 25% and 50%, 6.25% and 12.5% respectively for the products 1,2,4 and 7. The results for the other isolates, Klebsiella spp, S.aureus and Proteus spp for all the drugs were within the same range. Herbal medicinal products could be a good alternative to conventional drugs when standardized by clinical trials
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
LIST OFTABLES viii
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objective 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 3
2.1 Origin of Liquid Herbal Medicines 3
2.2 Mechanism of Action of Herbal Drug Interaction 4
2.2.1 Pharmacokinetic Interaction 4
2.3 Phamacognosy 5
2.4 Pharmacodynamic Interactions 5
2.5 Botanical Medicine Chemistry (Phytochemistry) 6
2.6 Some Anti-Nutritional Factors Present In Phytomedicines 6
2.6.1 Tannins 6
2.6.2 Oxalates 7
2.6.3 Alkaloids 7
2.6.4 Anthocyanins 7
2.7 Potential Risks of Phytomedicine on Health 8
2.8 Benefits of Phytomedicines (Liquid Herbal Medicines) 8
2.9 Herbal Drugs and its Toxicity 9
2.10 Quality Control and Standardization of Herbal Medicines 11
2.11 Regulation of Herbal Drugs; Awareness and Control 13
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 14
3.1 Sample Collection 14
3.1.2 Media Used 14
3.1.3 Sterility 14
3.1.4 Sample Preparation 15
3.2 Methods 15
3.2.1 Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Liquid Herbal Drugs 15
3.2.2 Characterisation of Microorganism 15
3.2.3 Catalase Test 16
3.2.4 Coagulase Test 16
3.2.5 Citrate Test 16
3.2.6 Motility 17
3.2.7 Triple Sugar Iron test 17
3.2.8 Oxidase Test 18
3.3 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 18
3.4 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 18
3.5 Assay for Antibacterial Action 19
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 20
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion 31
5.1 Conclusion 32
5.2 Recommendation 32
Reference
MOUAU/11/20027, M (2020). ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME LIQUID HERBS SOLD IN UMUAHIA METROPLIS. Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Nov 24, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antimicrobial-activity-of-some-liquid-herbs-sold-in-umuahia-metroplis
MOUAU/11/20027, MOUAU/11/20027. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME LIQUID HERBS SOLD IN UMUAHIA METROPLIS" Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 04 May. 2020, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antimicrobial-activity-of-some-liquid-herbs-sold-in-umuahia-metroplis. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.
MOUAU/11/20027, MOUAU/11/20027. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME LIQUID HERBS SOLD IN UMUAHIA METROPLIS". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 04 May. 2020. Web. 24 Nov. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antimicrobial-activity-of-some-liquid-herbs-sold-in-umuahia-metroplis >.
MOUAU/11/20027, MOUAU/11/20027. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME LIQUID HERBS SOLD IN UMUAHIA METROPLIS" Mouau.afribary.org (2020). Accessed 24 Nov. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antimicrobial-activity-of-some-liquid-herbs-sold-in-umuahia-metroplis