ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata were tested on five microorganism isolated from wound, they include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were resistant to the aqueous leaf extracts of both Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata. The ethanol extracts of Chromolaena odorata produced 25mm zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus at 100mg/ml concentration while ethanol extracts of Emilia sonchifolia produced the same 25mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at 100mg/ml. Extracts of Emilia sonchifolia produced 20mm zone of inhibition against Candida albicans at 100mg/ml concentration while Chromolaena odorata produced 17mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at the same concentration. Also extracts of Chromolaena odorata produced 20mm zone of inhibition against Streptococcus pyogenes at 100mg/ml concentrations while Emilia sonchifolia produced 14mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at the same concentration. Susceptible organisms were subjected to MIC and MBC experiments. However, the experiments carried out showed that the ethanol leaf extracts of Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata can be used in the treatment of wound infection. This justifies the therapeutic use of Chromolaea odorata and Emilia sonchifolia. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION i

DEDICATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES vi

ABSTRACT vii

 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 2

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 4 

2.2 WOUND 5

2.3 ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 6

2.4 ORIGIN AND MEDICINAL USE OF Emilia 

sonchifolia (IDENTITY AND TAXONOMY) 8

2.5 ORIGIN AND MEDICINAL USES OF Chromolaena 

            odorata (IDENTITY AND TAXONOMY)

2.6 PHYTOTHERAPY 9

2.7 PHYTOCHEMICALS 10

2.8 CLASSIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS    10

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1   C0LLECTION OF PLANT MATERIALS 14

3.2 PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT                                  14

3.3 COLLECTION OF WOUND SAMPLE                                              15

3.4 INOCULATION OF SAMPLE 16

3.5 CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATES 16

3.6    BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION 18

3.7  ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST 16

3.8    DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION 

           (MIC) AND MINIMUM  BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION (MBC) 

           OF PLANT EXTRACT 19

3.9    PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 19

CHAPTER 4

RESULT 21

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 27

5.2 CONCLUSION 29

5.3 RECOMMENDATION 30

REFERENCES 31

APPENDICES 35

LIST OF TABLES

Table        Title Page

1 Morphology and Characteristics of Bacteria Isolated from Wound        22

 2 Morphology and characteristics of fungi isolated from wound            23

 3 Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Minimum inhibitory concentration 

(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 

Aqueous and Ethanolic leaf extracts of Emilia sonchifolia 

against test isolates      24

 4 Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Minimum inhibitory concentration 

(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) 

of Aqueous and Ethanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata 

against test isolates      25 

 5 Phytochemical Components of Leaf Extracts of Emilia sonchifolia 

and Chromolaena odorata 26