PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AMONG ADULT TRADERS IN SOME SELECTED MARKETS IN AWKA, AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ANAMBRA STATE.

ABSTRACT

Hypertension is a major health problem throughout the world because of its prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The study was designed to determine the prevalence of hypertension among adult traders in some selected markets in Awka, Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State. A total of 390 respondents were selected using simple random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to determine their socio-economic status, food consumption pattern. Body Mass Index status of respondents were calculated using weight and height measures. Results therefore revealed that most of the respondents ages were between 31-40 years (24.4%) and 41-50 years (27.9%).There were more married (60.5%) than single (18.5%), widowed (18.9%) and divorced (2.1%) respondents. Also, the percentage (66.1%) of the respondents who earned below 20,000 was higher than those of the respondents (33.9%) that earned above 20,000. However, most (95.2%) of the respondents spent below 2,000 per week on food.  Frequency of daily food consumption showed that that many (35.1%) respondents eats at least twice a day, while (33.6%) eats 3 square-meals each day. Half (50.8%) of the respondents are not on any special diet. Many of the respondents (21.0%) are on low salt diet, however (12.8% and 11.5%) of the respondents are on low fat diet and low carbohydrate respectively. Poor lifestyle habits was evident in this study as weekly alcohol consumption was reported to be high (44.9%) among the respondents. Majority of the respondents (68.2%) do not smoke while about (30.2%) do smoke. Many of the respondents who (22.8%) smoke, smoke cigarette. Most of the respondents (70.3%) made use of table salt while eating. Most of the respondents do check their blood pressure status regularly (37.5%) while others (49.7%) check theirs occasionally. The result also revealed the family diseases history of the respondents. From the result, it was observed that many (27.7%) of the respondent’s family had a history of Diabetes mellitus as well as hypertension (26.2%) and obesity (17.9%). Results on the nutritional status of respondents showed that more than half (56.7%) of the subjects had normal BMI status, some (56.7%) of them were overweight while few of them were at extreme values of obese (10.8%) or underweight (13.3%). Young adult traders were more overweight (≤50 years 68.0%) 50 years 32.0% obese (≤50 years 73.8%; >50 years 26.2%) than older adult traders. There is a significant relationship between body mass index category and age(X² =48.57; 0.04). The prevalence of hypertension at chronic stages (stage 2 and 3) was found to be slightly higher in male (13.6%) than in female (11.4%). Poor dietary and lifestyle practices have led to  malnutrition which predisposes an individual to risks of cardiovascular disease such as high blood pressure, obesity etc. however, it was also observed that genetic factors (family history) had a role to place in obese  and hypertensive cases.  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ﾿ i

CERTIFICATION ﾿ ii

DEDICATION ﾿           iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ﾿           iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ﾿           vii

LIST OF TABLE ﾿          vii

ABSTRACT ﾿         viii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 statement of problems ﾿ 4

1.2 Objectives ﾿ 5

1.3 Significant of study ﾿ 5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Hypertension ﾿ 6

2.2 Causes and consequences of hypertension ﾿ 7

2.3 Signs and symptoms of hypertension ﾿ 8

2.3.1 Secondary hypertension ﾿ 8

2.3.2 Hypertension crisis ﾿ 9

2.3.3 Pregnancy ﾿           10

2.3.4 Children ﾿           10

2.4 Prevention of hypertension ﾿           11

2.5 Management of hypertension ﾿          12

2.5.1 Lifestyle modifications ﾿           12

2.6. Treatment and control of hypertension ﾿           13

2.7 Prevalence of hypertension ﾿          15

2.8 Diagnosis of hypertension ﾿           16

2.9 Assessment for nutritional status ﾿           20

2.9.1 Anthropometric measurement ﾿           21

2.9.1.1 Weight measurement ﾿          21

2.9.1.2 Height measurement ﾿           22

2.9.1.3 Body Mass Index ﾿          22

2.9.2 Clinical assessment ﾿          23 ﾿

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study design ﾿          24

3.2 Area of study ﾿          24

3.3 Population of the study ﾿          25

3.4 Sampling and sampling techniques ﾿           25

3.4.1 Sampling and sample size calculation ﾿          25

3.4.2 Sampling procedure ﾿          25

3.5 Preliminary activities ﾿          26

3.5.1 Preliminary visits ﾿          26

3.5.2 Informed content ﾿          26

3.6 Data collection ﾿          26

3.6.1 Questionnaire Administration ﾿          26

3.6.2 Anthropometric measurement ﾿          26

3.6.2.1 Weight determination ﾿        26

3.6.2.2 Height determination ﾿       26

3.6.2.3 Body mass index (BMI) ﾿        27

3.6.3 Blood pressure determination ﾿        28

3.7 Statistical analysis ﾿        28 ﾿

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 characteristics of the respondent ﾿        29

4.2 Socio-economic/ characteristics ﾿        30

4.3 Food consumption pattern ﾿        33

4.4 Medical assessment ﾿        36

4.5 Nutritional status ﾿        38

4.6 Body mass index by sex range ﾿        39

4.7 Body mass index by age range ﾿        40

4.8 Blood pressure level ﾿        42

4.9 Blood pressure level by sex range ﾿        42

4.10 Blood pressure level by age range ﾿      43

4.11 Relationship between body mass index and blood pressure level ﾿      45 

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion ﾿      47

5.2 Recommendation ﾿    47-48

REFERENCES ﾿              49-61

APPENDIX I ﾿    62-64

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.8 ﾿ Diagnosis of hypertension ﾿ 16

Table 2.8.1 ﾿ Classification of blood pressure for adult ﾿ 18

Table 4.1 ﾿ Characteristics of the respondent ﾿ 30

Table 4.2 ﾿ Socio-economic characteristics ﾿ 31

Table 4.3a ﾿ Food consumption patterns ﾿ 36

Table ﾿ 4.3b ﾿ Food consumption patterns ﾿ 37

Table ﾿ 4.4 ﾿ Medical assessment ﾿ 38

Table ﾿ 4.5      Anthropometric measurement ﾿ ﾿ 39

Table ﾿ 4.6 ﾿ Body Mass Index by sex category ﾿ 40

Table ﾿ 4.7      Body mass index by age category ﾿ 41

Table ﾿ 4.8 ﾿ Blood Pressure level category ﾿            42

Table ﾿ 4.9 ﾿ Blood pressure level by sex range ﾿ 43

Table  ﾿ 4.10    Blood pressure level by age range ﾿ 44

Table   4.11    Body mass index and blood pressure status ﾿ 46 ﾿