Phytochemical Screening And Antimicrobial Activities Of Carica Papaya L., Citrus Sinensis L., Citrus Paradisi L. And Vernonia Amygdalina Del. Cent

ABSTRACT

The antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis on the leaves of Carica papaya, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi and Vernonia amygdalina was carried out. The four plant species were found to contain alkaloid, saponin, tannins, flavonoid and phenols in varying proportions. The concentration of the phytochemicals are as follows: alkaloid of paw-paw  (1.11  0.02%), saponins (0.53  0.04%) tannin (0.43  0.4%), flavonoid (0.67  0.01%) and phenols (0.91  0.03%), for grape alkaloid content was (0.31  0.05%), saponins (0.19  0.01%), tannins (0.25  0.01%), flavonoid (0.36  0.02%), phenol (0.52  0.04%) In orange, alkaloid was (0.23  0.01%), saponin (0.23  0.01%), tannin (0.15  0.01%), flavonoid (0.33  0.01), phenol (0.59  0.07%) For bitter leaf, alkaloid (1.31  0.03%), saponin (1.15  0.01%), flavonoid (0.71  0.02%), tannin (0.43  0.01%), phenol (1.15  0.01%). The plant contain more alkaloid than other phytochemical. The anti-microbial activity of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves of the plants were tested against four microorganism. Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella pullorum, Enterobacter aerogenes and Proteus vulgaris. The susceptibility of the microorganisms was determined using the disk diffusion method. The leaf extract of these plants inhibited the growth of these pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration was analyzed using agar well diffusion method with values ranging between 50 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml against all the clinical isolates. There were variations in the lowest concentrations of the different plant extracts that caused inhibitions against the various microorganisms.   

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ﾿ i

Declaration ﾿ ii

Certification ﾿ iii

Dedication ﾿ iv

Acknowledgement ﾿ v

Table of Contents ﾿ vi

List of Tables ﾿ viii

List of Figures ﾿ ix

Abstract ﾿ x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ INTRODUCTION

1.1. ﾿ Aim and Objectives ﾿ 3

1.2 ﾿ Justification ﾿ 3

1.3 ﾿ Botany of Carica papaya (Paw-Paw) ﾿ 3

1.4 ﾿ Botany of Citrus sinensis (Orange) ﾿ 4

1.5 ﾿ Botany of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) ﾿ 5

1.6. ﾿ Botany of Citrus Paradisi (Grape) ﾿ 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ﾿ Phytochemical Screening of Plants ﾿ 7

2.2 ﾿ Antimicrobial Activity of Plants      ﾿ 8

CHAPTER TWO

3.0 ﾿ MATERIALS AND METHOD ﾿ 9

3.1 ﾿ Collection of Plant Materials and Identification ﾿ 9

3.1.1 ﾿ Preparation of the Sample for Analysis ﾿ 9

3.2 ﾿ Phytochemical Analysis ﾿ 10

3.2.1 ﾿ Qualitative Analysis on Leaf Extract ﾿ 10

3.2.1.1 Test for the Presence of Tannins ﾿ 10

3.2.1.2 Test for the Presence of Saponins ﾿ 10

3.2.1.3 Test for the presence of Flavonoids ﾿ 10

3.2.1.4 ﾿ Test for the presence of alkaloids ﾿ 10

3.2.1.5 Test for the Presence of phenols ﾿ 11

3.3    ﾿ Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals ﾿ 11

3.3.1    ﾿ Determination of Tannins ﾿ 11

3.3.2    ﾿ Determination of Alkaloid ﾿ 12

3.3.3 ﾿ Determination of Saponin ﾿ 12

3.3.4 ﾿ Determination of Phenols By Spectrophotometer Methods ﾿ 13

3.3.5 ﾿ Determination of flavonoid ﾿ 14

3.4      ﾿ Determination of anti- microbial activity ﾿ 14

3.4.1    ﾿ Preparation of the plant extracts ﾿ 14

3.4.2 ﾿ Sources of pathogen ﾿ 15

3.4.3 ﾿ Anti-microbial Test ﾿ 15

3.4.4 ﾿ Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration ﾿ 16

3.4.5 ﾿ Statistical Analysis ﾿ 16

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ﾿ RESULT ﾿ 21

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 30

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 31

References ﾿ 32