Evaluation Of Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities Of Ethanolic Root Extract Of Amaranthus Spinosus (Linn) On Selected Clinical Isolates

ABSTRACT

Medicinal plants have been found to play a significant role in the treatment of human ailments due to the resistance nature of synthetic drugs aside been very expensive. One of the leading medicinal plant found to have therapeutic power is Amaranthus spinosus Linn. This present study is aimed at investigating the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic root  extract of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. The antioxidant activity of root extract of Amaranthus spinosus was accessed by in- vitro experimental parameters such as DPPH (2,2-Diphenly -1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and Nitric oxide radical assay and Anti-lipid peroxidation. In this study, DPPH was found to be concentration-dependent. The result showed that Amaranthus spinosus ethanolic root extract have showed potent in vitro antioxidant activity that may be attributed to the phenolic compounds present. The ethanolic root extract of Amaranthus spinosus was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against 6 bacteria’s such as (Proteus mirabillis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus aureginosa, Lactococcus bacillus, Klebsiella pnueumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus) the in -vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by Agar Disc Diffusion method with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The extract of 1000mg showed the highest inhibitory zone (33.00mm±1.00mm) on Staphylococcus aureus, while the extract of 62.5mg showed the least inhibitory zone (1.66mm±5.77mm) on Proteus mirabillis. All the organisms were susceptible to the plant extracts used for the antimicrobial test. This study strongly recommends the use of Amaranthus spinosus ethanolic root extracts as an Antimicrobial agent and can be used to cure many ailments caused by these microorganisms.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Declaration ﾿ iii

Dedication ﾿ iv

Acknowledgment ﾿ v

Table of content ﾿ vii

List of table’s ﾿ viii

List of Graphs ﾿ ix

List of Plates ﾿ x

Abstract ﾿ xi

CHAPTER ONE 

1.1.1 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.2 ﾿ Review of Antioxidant Activity ﾿ 5

1.2.1 ﾿ Pathophysiology Of Oxidative Stress ﾿ 5

1.2.2 ﾿ Antioxidants and Its Role In Biological System ﾿ 5

1.2.3 ﾿ DPPH as an antioxidant assay ﾿ 6

1.2.4 ﾿ Nitric oxide as an antioxidant assay ﾿ 7

1.2.5 Lipid Peroxidation as an antioxidant assay ﾿ 7

1.3 ﾿    Justification ﾿ 8

1.4  Aims and Objectives ﾿ 8

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review ﾿ 9

2.1 Antimicrobial activity of plant extract ﾿ 9

2.2 Botanical Description of Amaranthus spinosus ﾿ 12

2.2.1 Taxanomy of Amaranthus  spinosus ﾿ 13

2.3   Description of Amaranthus spinousus ﾿ 13

2.3.1 Soil Requirement of Amaranthus spinosus ﾿ 14

2.3.2 Propagation ﾿ 14

2.3.3 The Etymology of Amaranthus spinosus ﾿ 15

2.4 Uses of Amaranthus spinosus ﾿ 15

2.5 Chemical Composition of Amaranthus spinosus ﾿ 16

2.6 Pharmacological Properties of Amaranthus spinosus ﾿ 16

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and method ﾿ 19

3.1 Background ﾿ 19

3.2 Collection and identification of plant sample ﾿ 19

3.3 Extraction carried out on the plant ﾿ 19

3.4 Preparation of inocula ﾿ 20

3.5 Antimicrobial activity test ﾿ 20

3.6 Minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) ﾿ 20

3.7 Preparation of antibiotics stock solution ﾿ 21

3.8 Antioxidant activity ﾿ 22

3.9 Statistical analysis ﾿ 24

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1Result ﾿ 25

4.2 Antioxidant activity result ﾿ 28

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion and Conclusion ﾿ 34

5.1 Discussion ﾿ 34

5.2 Conclusion ﾿ 35

REFERENCES