Effect Of Organic And Inorganic Manure On The Growth, Yield, Development And Nutritional Composition Of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.) Moench)

ABSTRACT

This field work experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic manure on the growth, development, yield and nutritional composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). The experiment consisted of three treatments, consisting of organic manure (pig and goat droppings) applied at the rates of 100kg per bed (50kg goat manure and 50kg pig manure), NPK fertilizer (15:15:15) applied at the rate of 10g per plant two weeks after sowing, and the control. The treatments were laid in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Plant growth and development was assessed using plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant girth, root length, fresh weight of leaves, fresh weight of stem, fresh weight of root, leaves dry weight, stem dry weight, and root dry weight. Plant yield was assessed using pod length, pod girth, number of pod per treatment, fresh weight of pod, and dry weight of pod. Nutritional composition was assessed using the proximate analysis and the mineral content. The analysis of the data collected revealed that organic manure treatment gave the best performance for both growth and yield parameters whereas that collected for nutritional composition showed that Zero treatment performed better than the other treatments in many of the parameters tested.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page ﾿ i

Certification ﾿ ii

Declaration ﾿ iii

Dedication ﾿ iv

Acknowledgement ﾿       v ﾿

Table of contents ﾿ vi ﾿ List of Figures ﾿       viii ﾿ List of Tables ﾿      ix ﾿

List of Plates ﾿       x ﾿

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION ﾿ 1

1.1   JUSTIFICATION ﾿ 4

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ﾿ 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ﾿ 5

2.1 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT ﾿ 5

2.2 BIOLOGY OF OKRA ﾿ 7

2.3 SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS OF OKRA ﾿ 8

2.4 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF OKRA ﾿ 8

2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF OKRA ﾿ 9

2.6 OKRA REPRODUCTION ﾿ 9

2.6.1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ﾿ 9

2.6.2 OKRA FLORAL ﾿ 10

2.6.3 POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION ﾿ 11

2.6.4 SEED DISPERSAL ﾿ 12

2.7 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF OKRA ﾿ 12

2.8 HEALTH BENEFIT OF OKRA ﾿ 14

2.9 NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF OKRA ﾿ 14

2. 10 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OKRA ﾿ 16

2.11 FERTILIZER RATE AND APPLICATION ﾿ 16

2.12 WEED CONTROL ﾿ 17

2.13 DISEASE AND PESTS OF OKRA ﾿ 17

2.13.1 PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL ﾿ 18

2.13.2 CULTURAL CONTROL ﾿ 18

2.13.3 CHEMICAL CONTROL ﾿ 18

2 .14 HARVESTING AND HANDLING ﾿ 18

2.15 USES OF OKRA ﾿ 19

2.15.1 OKRA SEED AS POTENTIAL EDIBLE OIL AND FLOUR SOURCE ﾿ 20

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ﾿ 22

3.1 SEED COLLECTION ﾿ 22

3.2 STUDY AREA ﾿ 22

3.3 SOIL COLLECTION /ANALYSIS ﾿ 22

3.4 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN / LAYOUT ﾿ 23

3.5 TREATMENT APPLICATION ﾿ 23

3.6 DATA COLLECTION ﾿ 24

3.6.1 PLANT HEIGHT ﾿ 24

3.6.2 NUMBER OF LEAVES ﾿ 24

3.6.3 NUMBER OF PODS PER REPLICATE ﾿ 24

3.6.4 LENGTH OF PODS ﾿ 24

3.6.5 POD GIRTH ﾿ 24

3.6.6 POD FRESH WEIGHT PER REPLICATE ﾿ 25

3.6.7 POD DRY WEIGHT ﾿ 25

3.6.8 SEED YIELD PER TREATMENT ﾿ 25

3.6.9 ROOT LENGTH ﾿ 25

3.6.10 FRESH WEIGHT OF LEAVES ﾿ 25

3.6.11 FRESH WEIGHT OF STEM ﾿ 25

3.6.12 FRESH WEIGHT OF ROOT ﾿ 26

3.6.13 STEM DRY WEIGHT ﾿ 26

3.6.14 ROOT DRY WEIGHT ﾿ 26

3.6.15 LEAF DRY WEIGHT ﾿ 26

3.6.16 POD FRESH WEIGHT ﾿ 26

3.6.17 POD DRY WEIGHT ﾿ 26

3.6.18 LEAF AREA ﾿ 27

3.7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ﾿ 27

3.8 NUTRITIONAL DETERMINATION ﾿ 27

3.8.1 PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF OKRA TREATED WITH NPK, ORGANIC AND ZERO MANURE (CONTROL) ﾿ 27 

3.8.2 MOISTURE AND DRY MATTER DETERMINATION ﾿ 28

3.8.3 ASH DETERMINATION ﾿ 28

3.8.4 CRUDE PROTEIN DETERMINATION ﾿ 28

3.8.5 ETHER EXTRACT (FAT DETERMINATION) ﾿ 29

3.8.6 CRUDE FIBER DETERMINATION ﾿ 30

3.8.7 NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT DETERMINATION ﾿ 30

3.8.8 VITAMIN C DETERMINATION ﾿ 30

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS ﾿ 31

4.1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS31

4.1.1 PLANT HEIGHT ﾿ 31

4.1.2 NUMBER OF LEAVES ﾿ 32

4.1.3 LEAF AREA ﾿ 33

4.1.4 PLANT GIRTH ﾿ 34

4.1.5 ROOT LENGTH ﾿ 35

4.1.6 FRESH WEIGHT OF LEAVES ﾿ 36

4.1.7 FRESH WEIGHT OF STEM ﾿ 37

4.1.8 FRESH WEIGHT OF ROOT ﾿ 38

4.1.9 LEAVES DRY WEIGHT ﾿ 39

4.1.10 STEM DRY WEIGHT ﾿ 40

4.1.11 ROOT DRY WEIGHT ﾿ 41

4. 2 YIELD PARAMETERS ﾿ 42

4.2.1 LENGTH OF POD ﾿ 42

4.2.2 POD GIRTH ﾿ 43

4.2.3 NUMBER OF POD PER TREATMENT ﾿ 44

4.2.4 FRESH WEIGHT OF POD ﾿ 45

4.2.5 DRY WEIGHT OF POD ﾿ 46

4.3 PROXIMATE PARAMETERS ﾿ 46

4.3.1 DRY MATTER ﾿ 46

4.3.2 MOISTURE ﾿ 47

4.3.3 ASH ﾿ 47

4.3.4 CRUDE PROTEIN ﾿ 47

4.3.5 ETHER EXTRACT ﾿ 47 ﾿

4.3.6 CRUDE FIBER ﾿ 47

4.3.7 NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT ﾿ 47

4.3.8 METABOLIZABLE ENERGY ﾿ 48

4.3.9 VITAMIN C ﾿ 48

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ﾿ 49

5.1 DISCUSSION ﾿ 49

5.2     CONCLUSION ﾿ 51

5.3    RECOMMENDATION ﾿

REFERENCES

 APPENDIX