ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to evaluate the urinary tract infection among female students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. A total of fifty (50) urine samples were collected from female students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in a sterile container and was transported to the laboratory for microbial analysis. The mid stream urine samples were cultured on MacConkey and blood agar by streak method. This was incubated at 370C for 24hrs. those that gave significant growth 105 cfu/ml were identified by gram stain, motility and biochemical tests. The pure isolates of bacterial pathogens was transferred to Nutrient agar slants and stored in the refrigerator at 40C. The distribution of urinary tract infections among the age group ranged  between 22-24years recorded the highest incidence of (42.1%) while 28-30years recorded the least (5.26%). Microscopic examination of the samples showed the presence of pus cells, epithelia cells, calcium oxalate crystals and yeast cells. The results show that the most common uropathogen isolated from urine of infected subject is E.coli which constituted 60% followed by Klebsiella spp (15%), Proteus spp (15%) while Non Haemolytic streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the least occurrence of (5%) each. On the susceptibility to the selected antibiotics, a significant results was obtained with Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Amoxycillin-clavulanate. The success of Ciprofloxacin could be due to its broad spectrum activities. Other drugs have varying and fair activities on the different isolates. Urine is generally considered to be sterile. Any source of possible infection occurs through urethra which initiates the incidence of infection. The present study revealed a high prevalence rate of UTI among   female students of  Michael Okpara  University of Agriculture, Umudike. Majority of the students are youths, and therefore should be adequately informed and educated on the need of personal and environmental hygiene. The government should ensure that proper toilet facilities are available. I recommend that Urine culture must be done at the first antenatal visit, and repeated cultures should be obtained at different trimesters, because the urine of treated patients may not remain sterile for the entire pregnancy.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgements iv

Table of Contents v

Lists of Tables vii

List of Figures      ix

Abstract x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Aim and Objectives 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review  4

2.1 Urinary Tract Infection 7

2.2 Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection 9

2.3 Causative Organisms 11

2.3.1 Bacterial UTI 11

2.3.2 Fungal and Viral UTI 12

2.4 Modes of Bacterial Entry 12

2.4.1 The ascending route 12

2.4.2 Hematogenous route 13

2.5 Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection 13

2.6 Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection 13

2.6.1Urinalysis 14

2.7 Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection 16

2.7.1 Antibiotics Used In the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection Include 17

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   Materials and Methods 19

3.1 Sample Collection 19

3.2 Media to Be Used and its Preparation 19

3.3 Sterilization 19

3.4 Enumeration of Bacteria from Urine Samples 20

3.5 Identification and Characterization of Isolates 20

3.5.1 Gram Staining 20

3.5.3 Motility Test 21

3.6  Biochemical Cultural Characteristics 21

 3.6.1  Catalase test 21

3.6.2 Coagulase Test 21

3.6.3 Citrate Test 21

3.6.4 Indole Test 22

3.6.5  Triple Sugar Iron Test 22

3.6.6 Oxidase Test 23

3.6.7 Urease Test 23

3.7 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing  23

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  Results 25

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 33

5.1 Discussion 33

5.2 Conclusion 34

5.3 Recommendation 35

References