ABSTRACT

Bacteriuria is identified when urine specimens have at least 105 cfu/ml of a uropathogen isolated in the absence of signs or symptoms of urinary infection. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is defined as the microbial invasion of any of the tissues of the urinary tract extending from the renal cortex to the urethral meatus. Females are however believed to be more affected than males. This is due to the short and wider female urethra and its proximity to the anus. The most commonly isolated microorganism in bacterial UTI are the Gram negative bacilli including E. coli, Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp. The Gram postive bacterial UTI are  Enteroccocus spp and Staphlococcus spp. There are two major modes of bacterial entry into the genitourinary tract, ascending route and hematogenous route. To establish the diagnosis of bacteriuria, a urine specimen for culture is necessary. Treatment of UTI with the appropriate antibiotic can minimize mortality, morbidity and any renal damage from acute UTI. Antimicrobial resistance is as a result of overuse, misuse and in many cases abuse of drugs. The midstream portion of urine is then collected in plastic sterile, wide-mouthed container which should be covered with a tightly fitted lid. The media used for this study were MaConkey agar, Nutrient agar, Maueller Hinton Agar and Mannitol salt agar. The bacterial isolates were identified based on their colonial morphology, cultural charaterictics, Gram stain reaction and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was performed. The result of this study revealed that Escherichia coli is the most prevalence bacteria with 41%. This study shows the necessity of obtaining sensitivity test reports before the start of antibiotic treatment in case of suspected urinary tract infection.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgments iv

Table of contents v

List of tables vi

Abstract vii

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Aims and Objectives 3

1.1.1 Specific objectives 3

CHAPTER TWO 4

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Microorganisms found in urine and their etiology 4

2.1.1 Bacteria 4

2.1.2 Fungi and virus 5

2.1.3 Protozoa 6

2.2 Routes of bacterial infection 6

2.2.1 The  ascending route 6

2.2.2 Hematogenous route 6

2.3 Symptomatic and Asymptomatic bacteriuria 7

2.4 Diagnosis of UTI 8

2.5      Treatment of UTI 9

2.6 Prevention 10

2.7 Antimicrobial resistance 11

2.7.1    Conditions affecting the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents 11

2.8 Actions of antimicrobial drugs 12

2.8.1 Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis 13

2.8.2    Inhibition of protein synthesis 14

2.8.3 Inhibition of cell membrane 15

2.8.4 Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis 16

CHAPTER THREE 17

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 17

3.1 Sample collection 17

3.2 Sterilization of media and materials 17

3.3 Inoculation of urine samples and isolation of bacteria isolates. 18

3.4 Identification of isolates 18

3.5 Antimicrobial sensitivity testing 18

3.6 Biochemical tests 19

3.6.1 Catalase test 19

3.6.2 Oxidase test 19

3.6.3 Coagulase test 19

3.6.4 Citrate test 20

3.6.5 Indole test 20

3.6.6 Motility test 20

3.6.7 Methyl Red Test 21

3.7.8 Voges-proskauer Test 21

CHAPTER FOUR 22

4.0 RESULT 22

CHAPTER FIVE 28

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 28

5.1 Discussion 28

5.2 Conclusion 29

5.3 Recommendations 30

References 31