ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken to find out the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples.A total of 68 Clinical samples (Urine, Sputum, High vaginal swab, Wound swab) were tested. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus was done by conventional microbiological method. Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing was done using diffusion method. The result of Staphylococcus aureus isolated showed maximum in urine followed by high vaginal swab. Out of 68 samples collected,35 were obtained from Male and 33 were obtained from Female respectively. Frequency of occurrence showed highest in wound (100%) and lowest in high vaginal swab (58.3%). The organism was subjected to Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing which showed highest resistance against Cefoxitin and least against Vancomycin. The level of resistance was high generally. The distribution of Methicilin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus using Oxacillin and Cefoxitin disc method showed highest resistant in urine and lowest in sputum. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in Urine sample is high and its antibiogram show a situation of multi drug resistance. It is recommended that there should be a forum for education of people on the issue of microbial development of resistance to drugs and the need to minimize indiscriminate use of antibiotics without physician’s prescription.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgements iv

Table of contents v

List of tables

Abstract viii

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Aims and Objective 3

CHAPTER 2

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1 Epidemiology

2.1.2 Morphology

2.1.3 Mode of Reproduction 8

2.1.4 Classifications of Staphylococcus aureus 8

2.1.4.1 Role in health 9

2.1.4.2 Role in Disease 9

2. 2 Mode of Transmission 9

2.2.1 Skin Infection

2.2.2 Food Poisoning 10

2.2.3 Bacteremia

2.2.4 Medical Implants Infection 11

2.2.5 Animal Infection 12

2.2.6 Enzymes 12

2.3 Toxins and Pathogenesis 13

2.3.1 Leucocidin

2.3.2 Enterotoxin

2.3.3 Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST) 13

2.3.4 Exfoliative (Epidermolytic,) Toxin 14

2.4 Carriage 14

2.5 Antibiotics Resistance 14

2.6 Staphylococcal Pigment 16

2.7 Classical Diagnosis 17

2.7.1 Rapid Diagnosis and Typing 17

2.7.2 Treatment 18

2.7.3 Infection Control 19

CHAPTER 3

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Materials 20

3.1.1 Culture Media 20

3.1.2 Reagents  20

3.1.3 Equipments

3.1.4 Antibiotic discs 20

3.2    Methods 21

3.2.1 Study area

3.2.2 Sample Collection and Sampling technique 21

3.2.3 Inoculation, isolation and identification of the organism. 21

3.2.4 Identification and characterization of the isolates 22

3.2.4.1 Gram staining 23

3.2.4.2 Biochemical tests 23

3.2.4.3 Coagulase test 23

3.2.4.4 Catalase test 24

3.2.4.5 Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing 24

CHAPTER

4.0 RESULT 25

CHAPTER 5

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Discussion

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations 33

References

Appendix 

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Morphology, Cultural and Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus on different media 26

2 Age Bracket of Respondents 27

3 Frequency (number of isolate) occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in different clinical samples 28

4 Antibiotics Susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus 29

5 Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus using Oxacillin (OX) and Cefoxitin (FOX) disc diffusion method 30