ABSTRACT

The present study investigates the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates from selected recreational waters in Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria. The bacteria isolates were identified on the basis of their cultural, morphological, biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility were tested by disc diffusion method. The percentage occurrence of isolates were Escherichia coli 5(15.2%), Staphylococcus aureus 8(24.2%), Klebsiella sp. 5(15.2%), Enterobacter sp. 9(27.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6(18.2%) respectively. In-vitro sensitivity patterns were determined using the disc diffusion method, it revealed that the isolates, Escherichia coli 5(100%) resisted Co- trimoxazole and Amoxicillin, 3(60%) were sensitive to Chloramphenicol, 2(40%)were sensitive to Gentamycin. Staphylococcus aureus, 6(75%) resisted Erythromycin and Gentamycin, 5(62.5%) resisted Septrin and Perfloxacin, 4(50%) resisted Amoxicillin while 3(37.5%) were sensitive to Co- trimoxazole and 5(62.5%) were sensitive to Chloramphenicol. Klebsiella sp., 4(80%) were resitant to Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, Co- trimoxazole and Perfloxacin, 4(40%) were sensitive to Perfloxacin, Gentamycin and 1(20%) were sensitive to Erythromycin and Perfloxacin. Enterobacter sp.8(88.9%) were resistant to Co- trimoxazole, 7(77.8%) resisted Amoxicillin, 5(55.6%) resisted Chloramphenicol, 4(44.4%) resisted Erythromycin, 2(22.2%) resisted Gentamycin while 5(55.6%) were sensitive to Perfloxacin and 3(33.3%) were sensitive to Erythromycin and Gentamycin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5(83.3%) were resistant to Erythromycin and Gentamycin, 4(66.7%) resisted Penicillin and Perfloxacin, 3(50%) resisted Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin while 2(33.3%) were sensitive to Chloramphenicol and 1(16.7%) proved sensitive to Amoxicillin and Co- trimoxazole. From this study the presence of Multi-drug resistance bacteria in recreational water could present a potential health risk which will contribute to health hazard of poorly managed recreational water sources. 

TABLE OF CONTENT 

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of content             v-vii

List of tables viii

List of figures           ix

Abstract x

Chapter One

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Contamination of water sources 1-3

1.3 Aims 3

1.4 Objectives 3

Chapter Two

1.0 Literature review 4

2.1 Recreational water 4-5

2.2 Recreational water sanitation 5-6

2.3 Microbiological analysis of recreational water 7-8

2.4 Prevention of disease in recreational water 9

2.5 Multi-drug resistant bacteria 9-10

2.5.1 Antibiotics 10-12

2.5.2 Drug resistance among bacteria 13

2.5.3 Biochemical mechanism of bacteria resistance 14

2.5.3.1 Mutation alteration of target protein 14

2.5.3.2 Enzymatic inactivation of drugs 14

2.5.3.3 By-passing of target 16

2.5.3.4 Ribosome protection 17

2.5.3.5 Target modification 17

2.5.3.6 Acquisition of latest gene 18

2.5.4 Managing the drug mechanism problem 18

Chapter Three

2.0 Materials and methods 19

3.1 Area of study 19

3.2 Sample collection 19

3.3 Media used 19

3.4 Media preparation 19

3.5 Isolation of bacteria from recreational water samples 20

3.6 Identification and characterization of isolates 21

3.6.1 Colony morphology 21

3.6.2 Microscopic examination 21

3.6.3 Gram staining 21

3.7 Biochemical test 22

3.7.1 Catalase production test 22

3.7.2 Oxidase test 22

3.7.3 Coagulase test 22

3.7.4 Methyl-red test 22

3.7.5 Voges-proskauer test 23

3.7.6 Carbohydrate utilization test 23

3.7.7 Motility test 24

3.8 Test for multi-drug resistance 24

Chapter Four

4.0 Results 25-39

Chapter Five

5.1 Discussion 40-41

5.2 Conclusion 42

5.3 Recommendation 42

       References