ABSTRACT
The antibacterial activities of the crude extracts from the leaves of Psidium guajava and Ocimum gratissimum were investigated on both gram positive and gram negative bacteria which were isolated from the soil, stream water, cow dung and the skin of humans. These organisms were cultured on different media. Gram staining and biochemical tests were carried out on the organisms for identification. Organisms like E. coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Shigella and Bacillus were identified. The plants were extracted after two weeks of air drying and grinding using the grinder. Two solvents, ethanol and water were used for extraction and about 30g each of the leaves were macerated 200ml of the solvents for 48hrs, which were then evaporated to dryness using the water bath to obtain the crude extract which weighed about 4g each of the extract in ethanol and 2.5g each of the extract in water. The sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts were tested on the isolates and the organisms showed susceptibility to the extracts except Pseudomonas. The phytochemical screening of the crude extracts from the plants were also investigated and constituents like tannins, saponins alkaloids and others were seen at different concentrations on different leave extract. The result all showed that these plants can be used in the formulation of oral antibacterial drugs and support the reason why some countries use them as traditional herbal medicine. In conclusion the leave extracts were effective and had a wide range of activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents v
List of tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.1Brief description of Psidium guajava (Guava) 2
1.2 Brief description of Ocimum gatissimum (Scent leave) 2
1.3 Justification for the work 3
1.4 Aims and objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.0 Overview 4
2.1 Psidium guajava 4
2.1.1 Chemical composition 5
2.1.2 The leaves 6
2.1.3 The roots 7
2.1.4 The seeds 7
2.1.5 Antibacterial activity: 7
2.1.6 Anti-diarrheal 8
2.1.7 Anti-inflammatory effect: 8
2.1.8 Antispasmodic: 9
2.1.9 CNS activity 9
2.1.10 Conjunctivitis: 10
2.1.11 Coughs 10
2.1.12 Diabetes: 10
2.1.13 Skin use 10
2.1.14 Vaginal disorders 11
2.2 Ocimum gratisimum 12
2.2.1 Chemical composition 12
2.2.2 Antibacterial activity 12
2.2.3 The oil of Ocimum gratissimum 13
2.3 Description of test organism 14
2.3.1 Salmonella sp; 14
2.3.2. Shigella sp 14
2.3.3 Escherichia coli; 15
2.3.4 Bacillus cereus; 15
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 16
3.1 Sources of leaves 16
3.2 Sources of isolation of organisms 16
3.3 Isolation of the organisms 16
3.4 Preparation of media and culturing of 16
3.5 Identification of organisms 17
3.6 Biochemical identification of the organisms 17
3.6.1 Catalase test 17
3.6.2 Indole test 17
3.6.3 Oxidase test 17
3.6.4 Coagulase test 17
3.3.5 Motility test 17
3.6.6 Citrate test 18
3.7 Preparation of the extracts 18
3.8 Phytochemical screening 18
3.8.1 Flavonoids: 19
3.8.2 Tannins: 19
3.8.3 Test for alkaloids: 19
3.8.4 Test for sterols and steroids: 20
3.8.5 Test for the carborhydrate: 20
3.8.6 Starch 20
3.9 Preparation of the inoculum 21
3.10 Bacterial sensitivity testing using agar well diffusion method 21
3.11 Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant extracts 21
3.12 Determination of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 23
4.1 Result from the gram staining reaction 25
4.2 Result from biochemical tests 25
4.3 Result of the phytochemical screening P. guajava and O. gratissimum 26
4.4 Antibacterial sensitivity test 27
4.4.1 P. guajava 27
4.4.2 O. gratissimum 28
4.5 Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations using tube dilution method 28
4.5.1 MIC of P. guajava in ethanol 28
4.5.2 MIC of P. guajava in water 29
4.5.3 MIC of O. gratissimum in ethanol 30
4.5.4 MIC of O. gratissimum in water 30
4.6 Determination of MBC 31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussions 32
5.2 Conclusion 33
REFERENCES 34
CHIBUIKE, C (2021). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration Of Psidium Guajava And Ocimum Gratissimum On Bacteria . Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Nov 15, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/minimum-inhibitory-concentration-minimum-bactericidal-concentration-of-psidium-guajava-and-ocimum-gratissimum-on-bacteria-7-2
CHINEDU, CHIBUIKE. "Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration Of Psidium Guajava And Ocimum Gratissimum On Bacteria " Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 14 Jan. 2021, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/minimum-inhibitory-concentration-minimum-bactericidal-concentration-of-psidium-guajava-and-ocimum-gratissimum-on-bacteria-7-2. Accessed 15 Nov. 2024.
CHINEDU, CHIBUIKE. "Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration Of Psidium Guajava And Ocimum Gratissimum On Bacteria ". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 14 Jan. 2021. Web. 15 Nov. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/minimum-inhibitory-concentration-minimum-bactericidal-concentration-of-psidium-guajava-and-ocimum-gratissimum-on-bacteria-7-2 >.
CHINEDU, CHIBUIKE. "Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration Of Psidium Guajava And Ocimum Gratissimum On Bacteria " Mouau.afribary.org (2021). Accessed 15 Nov. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/minimum-inhibitory-concentration-minimum-bactericidal-concentration-of-psidium-guajava-and-ocimum-gratissimum-on-bacteria-7-2