ABSTRACT
The white and yellow varieties of the cassava (manihot esculenta) tubers were subjected to a four days fermentation and studied for cyanide content and microorganisms involved in their fermentation process. The microorganisms isolated during the fermentation process include: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Aspergillus spp, Candida spp, and Saccharomyces spp. The physiochemical and the proximate analysis of the cassava roots were carried out. During the fermentation there was reduction in the cyanide content from (9.24±0.01 to 2.93±0.02)mg/100g in yellow cassava and (9.85±0.03 to3.15±0.04)mg/100g in white cassava, indicating that fermentation reduces the cyanide content of cassava. There was a decrease in the pH from (6.20 to 3.38) in yellow cassava and (6.40 to 3.14) and increase in the titratable acidity from(0.02% to 0.06%) in yellow cassava and (0.03% to 0.07%) in white cassava during fermentation indicating that the fermentation took place in an acid medium as a result of the predominance of Lactobacillus spp. The proximate analysis showed that there was significant increase in the protein from (0.72 to 1.86) in yellow cassava and (0.56 to 1.83) in white cassava. There was also a significant increase in moisture content from (69.42±0.01 to 72.42±0.01) in yellow cassava and (67.65±0.01 to70.24±0.01) in white cassava and the fiber content of the cassava roots while there was a decrease in the ash and carbohydrate content of the cassava from (27.90±0.01 to 21.43±0.01) in yellow cassava and (28.40±0.00 to 23.61±0.01) in white cassava. It is obvious that from the findings that microorganisms are involved in cassava fermentation and the cyanide content of the cassava can be considerably reduced by the process of fermentation thereby making the food safe for consumption.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents v
List of tables vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objective of study 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Cassava 4
2.2 Description of cassava 4
2.3 Botany and cultivation 5
2.4 Nutritional status of cassava 5
2.5 Anti nutritional components of cassava 5
2.6 Composition of cassava 6
2.7 Cassava spoilage 6
2.8 Cassava and cyanide 7
2.9 Cyanide 8
2.10 Cassava processing 9
2.10.1 Why is cassava processed 9
2.10.2 Effects of cassava processing on cyanide level 10
2.10.2.1 Peeling 10
2.10.2.2 Grating 10
2.10.2.3 Soaking 10
2.10.2.4 Boiling and cooking 11
2.10.2.5 Drying 11
2.11 Cassava products 11
2.11.1 Gari 12
2.11.2 Lafun 12
2.11.3 Fufu 12
2.11.4 Abacha 13
2.11.5 Tapioca 13
2.12 Toxic effects from cassava cyanogens 13
2.13 Reduction of cyanide in cassava 14
2.14 Fermentation 14
2.14.1 Microorganisms involved in cassava fermentation 16
2.14.2 Role and function of fermentation on cassava food 17
2.14.2.1 Aroma and flavor change 17
2.14.2.2 Cassava fermented food preservation 18
2.14.2.3 Anti nutrient decrease in cassava fermented food 18
2.14.2 Cyanide reduction in cassava fermented food 19
CHAPTER 3
3.0 Materials and Method 20
3.1 Collection of samples 20
3.2 Preparation of sample for fermentation 20
3.3 Cyanide determination 20
3.4 Microbiological analysis of sample 21
3.4.1 Media used and their preparation 21
3.4.2 Serial dilution 21
3.4.3 Inoculation 21
3.4.5 Total viable count 22
3.4.5 Gram stain 22
3.4.6 Biochemical test 23
3.4.6. Catalase test 23
3.4.6.2 Coagulase test 23
3.4.6.3 Citrate utilization test 23
3.4.6.4 Methyl red test/VP 24
3.4.6.5 Oxidase test 24
3.5 Proximate analysis of cassava 24
3.5.1 Moisture content determination 24
3.5.2 Ash content determination 25
3.5.3 Fat content determination 26
3.5.4 Carbohydrate determination 26
3.5.5 Protein determination 27
3.6 Determination of titratable acidity 28
3.7 Determination of pH 28
3.8 Preparation of fufu 29
3.9 pH determination of the fufu sample 29
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Results 30
4.1 Microbial counts 30
4.2 Occurrence of microorganisms during fermentation 30
4.3 Physiochemical composition 30
4.4 Proximate composition 31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion 41
5.2 Conclusion 46
5.3 Recommendation 46
References
UGWU, J (2021). Microbiological Fermentation For Cyanide Reduction In Cassava Tubers. Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Nov 15, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/microbiological-fermentation-for-cyanide-reduction-in-cassava-tubers-7-2
JOY, UGWU. "Microbiological Fermentation For Cyanide Reduction In Cassava Tubers" Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 02 Mar. 2021, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/microbiological-fermentation-for-cyanide-reduction-in-cassava-tubers-7-2. Accessed 15 Nov. 2024.
JOY, UGWU. "Microbiological Fermentation For Cyanide Reduction In Cassava Tubers". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 02 Mar. 2021. Web. 15 Nov. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/microbiological-fermentation-for-cyanide-reduction-in-cassava-tubers-7-2 >.
JOY, UGWU. "Microbiological Fermentation For Cyanide Reduction In Cassava Tubers" Mouau.afribary.org (2021). Accessed 15 Nov. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/microbiological-fermentation-for-cyanide-reduction-in-cassava-tubers-7-2