ABSTRACT

Klebsiella species are known to cause a variety of human infections such as pneumonia, septicaemia, urinary tract infection and other soft tissue infections. One hundred clinical samples, comprising 11 sputam, 42 urine samples and 47 swabs from exudates were collected from patients at Abia State Specialist Hospital, Umuahia between October and November 2014 and screened for Klebsiella  sp. The samples were processed in Microbiology laboratory MOUAU. Isolation and Identification of Klebsiella  sp were carried out and antibiogram on all the isolates also done. Out of 100 samples, 24 isolates of Klebsiella sp were observed. While 15 (62.5%) were Klebsiella pneumonia, 9 (37.5%) were Klebsiella oxytoca. Amikacin was the most effective antibiotic with about 20% resistance and 80% sensitive, while ampicillin showed the least sensitivity with 100% resistance.

TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER PAGE…………………………………………..…………………. i

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………..……………... ii

CERTIFICATION……………………………………………….………… iii

DEDICATION…………………………………………..…………………. iv

AKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………..…………………. v

TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………..…………………... vi

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………..……………………... viii

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………..…………………………. ix

ABSTRACT…………………………………..…………………………….. x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………. 1

1.1     AIMS………………………………………………………………… 4

1.2   OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………. 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………… 5

2.1 RESISTANT STRAINS……………………………………………... 8

2.2 TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS Klebsiella……………………….. 11

2.3 KLEBSIELLA SPP AND FACTOR OF INVASION……………… 13

2.4 CAPSULAR ANTIGENS…………………………………………... 14

2.5  PILLI (FIMBRIAE) ………………………………………………… 15

2.6 SERUM RESISTANCE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE……… 16

2.7 SIDEROPHORES……………………………………………………. 16

2.8  VACCINATION EFFORTS……………………………………… 17

2.8.1 LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES……………………………………… 18

2.8.2  Capsular Polysaccharides………………………………………… 19

2.9 SUSCEPTIBILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO…………………… 20

2.9.1   Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis……………………………………….…20

2.9.2   Klebsiella ozaenae………………………………………………....... 21

2.9.3   Klebsiella oxytoca…………………………………………………….22

2.9.4  Klebsiella pneumoniae……………………………………………….. 23

2.9.5 Klebsiella Infection, Future Challenges And Advancements. …….25

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………… 30

3.1 STUDY AREA AND SAMPLE COLLECTION…………………. 30

3.4 STERILITY OF MATERIALS…………………………………… 31

3.5  MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS……………………………… 31

3.5.1 Inoculation of Samples……………………………………………… 31

3.6 ISOLATION CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION……. 31

3.7 GRAM STAINING………………………………………………… 31

3.8 BIOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF Klebsiella ISOLATES..32

3.8.1  Catalase……………………………………………………………… 32

3.8.2 Citrate test…………………………………………………………… 33

3.8.3 Oxidase test…………………………………………………………… 33

3.8.4  Indole test…………………………………………………………… 33

3.8.5  Methyl Red (MR)/ Voges-proskaur (VP) test……………………… 33

3.8.6 Methyl Red Test (MR) ……………………………………………… 34

3.8.7 Voges-Proskauer Test (VP)………………………………………… 34

3.9 ANTIBIOGRAM TEST FOR Klebsiella spp……………………… 35

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS…………………………………………………………… 36

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION………………………………… 43

5.1 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………… 47

REFERENCES

APPENDICES