ABSTRACT
The knowledge of traditional medicine, medicinal plants and the study of their scientific chemical principles may lead to the discovery of newer and cheaper drugs. Azadirachta indica is a medicinal plant of Indian origin, commonly known as ‘Neem’ or ‘Dogoyaro’. It belongs to the family Melaceae and subfamily Melioidea. This plant has diverse and potential medicinal uses in traditional medicine for treating malaria, stomach and intestinal ulcer, pain, fever, skin diseases, diabetes, urinary tract disorder, leprosy, bloody nose and other diseases. This study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica on common pathogenic organism; Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Agar diffusion assay was employed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the neem leaf at five concentration levels 200 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 25 mg/l and 12.5 mg/l by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition around the tested organisms. The results obtained showed that ethanol extract was more effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus than aqueous extract as inhibition was observed from 25 mg/l to 200 mg/ml concentrations. While aqueous extract was found to inhibit S. aureus from 100 mg/l to 200 mg/ml. E. coli strain responded in similar way to both ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts, as both extracts were found to inhibit growth at 200 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml concentrations. Pseudomonas strain also responded in similar way to both ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts. Both ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts were found to inhibit growth at 200 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml concentrations. This study has shown that ethanol and aqueous extracts of Dogoyaro leaves possess high antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas). The more effective concentration was between 100 mg/l to 200 mg/ml extracts and zone of inhibition was increased with the increase in concentration of extracts.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of contents v
List of tables viii
Abstract i
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1 - 4
1.5 Aim of the study 5
1.6 Objectives of the study 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 6
2.1 Historical Use of Plants as Antimicrobials 6 - 7
2.1.1 Major groups of antimicrobial compounds from plants 7 - 8
2.1.1.1 Phenolics and Polyphenols, simple phenols and phenolic acids 8
2.1.1.2 Quinones 8 - 9
2.1.1.3 Flavones, flavonoids, and flavonols 9 - 10
2.1.1.4 Tannins 10 - 11
2.1.1.5 Lectins and Polypeptides 11
2.2 Dogoyaro Plant (Neem) leaves 12
2.2.1 Neem as a medicinal plant 12 - 13
2.3 Neem leaves 14
2.3.1 Antiviral activity of Neem leaves 14 - 15
2.3.2 Antifungal properties of Neem leaves 15
2.3.3 Antibacterial properties of Neem leaves 16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 17
3.1 Materials 17
3.2 Methods 17
3.2.1 Sample collection 17
3.2.2 Sample Preparation 17
3.2.3 Preparation of the Extracts for Antibacterial Assay 17 - 18
3.3 Isolation and Characterization of Microbes 18
3.3.1 Gram staining 18
3.3.2. Cultural Characteristics 18
3.3.3. Morphological Characteristics 19
3.4 Biochemical characteristics 19
3.4.1 Motility test 19
3.4.2 Catalase test 19
3.4.3 Oxidase test 20
3.4.4 Indole production 20
3.4.5 Methyl red reaction 20
3.4.6 Voges Proskaur (VP) reaction 20
3.4.7 Citrate utilization 21
3.5 Antibacterial Activity Testing 21
3.5.1 Preparation of stock solution 21
3.5.2 Preparation of Muller-Hinton agar 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 23 - 31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 32
5.1 Discussion of results 32 - 33
5.2 Conclusion 33
5.3 Recommendations 33 - 34
REFERENCES 35 - 40
IBEBUIKE, L (2021). Evaluation Of Antibacterial Effect Of Aqueous And Ethanolic Extracts Of Dogoyaro (Azadirachta Indica) Leaf On Pathogenic Organisms.. Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Nov 16, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/evaluation-of-antibacterial-effect-of-aqueous-and-ethanolic-extracts-of-dogoyaro-azadirachta-indica-leaf-on-pathogenic-organisms-7-2
LILIAN, IBEBUIKE. "Evaluation Of Antibacterial Effect Of Aqueous And Ethanolic Extracts Of Dogoyaro (Azadirachta Indica) Leaf On Pathogenic Organisms." Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 02 Jun. 2021, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/evaluation-of-antibacterial-effect-of-aqueous-and-ethanolic-extracts-of-dogoyaro-azadirachta-indica-leaf-on-pathogenic-organisms-7-2. Accessed 16 Nov. 2024.
LILIAN, IBEBUIKE. "Evaluation Of Antibacterial Effect Of Aqueous And Ethanolic Extracts Of Dogoyaro (Azadirachta Indica) Leaf On Pathogenic Organisms.". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 02 Jun. 2021. Web. 16 Nov. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/evaluation-of-antibacterial-effect-of-aqueous-and-ethanolic-extracts-of-dogoyaro-azadirachta-indica-leaf-on-pathogenic-organisms-7-2 >.
LILIAN, IBEBUIKE. "Evaluation Of Antibacterial Effect Of Aqueous And Ethanolic Extracts Of Dogoyaro (Azadirachta Indica) Leaf On Pathogenic Organisms." Mouau.afribary.org (2021). Accessed 16 Nov. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/evaluation-of-antibacterial-effect-of-aqueous-and-ethanolic-extracts-of-dogoyaro-azadirachta-indica-leaf-on-pathogenic-organisms-7-2