Abstract

The antibacteria and phytochemical screening of Sida cordifolia and Stachytarpheta cayennensis was conducted based on the report of medicinal uses of these plants among the people of Eha-Amufu in Isi-uzo L.G.A. of Enugu state. The anti-bacterial activity testing of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of the plants was done using the agar disc diffusion method to measure the diameter zone of inhibition and broth dilution assay to assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against susceptible organisms. Four test bacteria were used (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Echerichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalise 7080 and Salmonella typhi. The ethanol extract of Sida cordifolia  produced a diameter of zone of inhibition of 12.17 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 10.50mm against Escherichia coli, 13.00mm against Enterococcus faecalis and 11.00mm against Salmonella typhi. While ethanol extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis had no effect on both organisms. The phytochemical screening of these leaves Sida cordifolia and Stachytarpheta cayennensis showed that tannins, Saponins and flavonoids are present. This Research project validates the use of Sida cordifolia in herbal medicine.     

Title page

Certification i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgements iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Tables vi

Abstract vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Aims and Objective 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Sidacordifolia 4

2.2 Stachytarphetaceyennesis 5

2.3 Phytomedicine 6

2.4 Risk of Phytomedicine 6

2.5 Phytochemicals 7

2.6 Classes of Phytochemical 7

2.6.1 Alkaloids 8

2.6.2 Glycosides 8

2.6.3 Flavonoids 9

2.6.4 Phenolics 9

2.6.5 Saponins 10

2.6.6 Tannins 11

2.6.7 Terpenes 11

2.6.8 Anthraquinones 11

2.7       Mechanism of action of Phytochemical 12

2.8.0    Test organism 13

2.8.1  Escherichia coli 13

2.8.2    Staphylococcus aureus 14

2.8.3    Salmonella typhi 15

2.8.4    Enterococcus faecalis 15

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS 17

3.1       Plant Material 17

3.1.1    Preparation of the plant leaves 17

3.1.2    Leaves Extraction Procedure 17

3.1.3    Ethanol Extraction Method 18

3.1.4    Media 18

3.1.5    Media used 18

3.1.6    Preparation of Media 18

3.1.7   Test organisms 18

3.2      Preparation of stock solution of extract 19

3.3      Reactivation of stock culture of test organisms                                                                    19

3.4      Antimicrobial testing 20

3.5      Determination of MIC and MBC 20

3.6      Phytochemical screening 21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS                                                                                          23

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 27

5.1      Discussion 27

5.2      Conclusion 28

5.3     Recommendation 29

References