ABSTRACT

The antimicrobial activity of essential oil of citrus paradise feel has been demonstrated against a range of organism (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The oil was obtained from the peels of grape fruits by hydro-distillation procedure and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled by mass spectrometer. 18 compounds were identified namely, cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl), Bicyclo (3,1,1) hept-3-en-2-01,4,66,-trimethyl, limonene oxide, bicycle (4,1,0) heptanes,-3-cycloprophyl, -7- hydroxymethyl, trans,  2-cy- clohecene-1-01,2-methyl-5-(1-methylethonyl)-cis, 2-cycloheven-1-one,2 7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)hept-ane, 1-methyl -4- (2-methyloxivanyl), 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1-methyl -4- (1-methyl-ethenyl),2,7-octadiene-1,6-diol,2,6-dimethyl, Limonene oxide,cis, Z,Z,Z-4-6.9-Nonadecatriene, Bicyclo(3.1.1) heptanes-2,3-diol, 2,6,6,-trimethyl.Hexadeianoic acid,  Z,Z- 2,5-pertadecadien-l-ol-  2- Butyl-3-methyl -5- (2-methylprop-2-enyl) cyclohexanone  Alpha-Farnesene, Oleic acid and octadecanoic acid.The oil extracts exerted different degree of inhibitions on the test organism or isolates was dependent on the dissolution concentrations used. Klebsiellla pneumoniae had the highest zone diameter of inhibition 2.0mm while the Streptococcus pneumonia had 10.5mm. The undiluted had 13.5mm for Klebsiella pneumonia and 11.5m for Streptococcus pneumiae. The MIC value of the essential oil against Klebsiella pneumoniae was at 12.5% concentration. However, the essential oil exhibited a bactericidal effect against the organism Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae at 50% concentration. This study finally has shown that grape  peels from Nigeria contains some antibiotic principles which may be explored for use in the treatment of certain diseases (respiratory tract infections).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Contents vi

List of Tables viii

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 1

1. 1 Aim 2

1.2 Objectives 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 4

2.1 General Concept 4

2.2 ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION 5

2.3 Factors That Influence the Determination of the Antimicrobial Activity 6

2.3.1The Assay Technique 7

2.3.2 The Test Microorganism 11

2.3.3 Culture Conditions 12

2.4 Mechanism of Action of Plant Essential Oil (Eos) 12

2.4.1 Cell Wall and Membrane Disturbance        13

2.4.2 ATP Production 14

2.4.3 Protein Synthesis  15

2.4.4 PH   Disturbance  16

2.4.5 Intracytoplasmic Changes  17

2.4.6 DNA 17

2.4.7 Quorum  Sensing 18

2.5 Citrus Paradisi and importance of EO 20

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

3.1 Plant Collection and Identification 23

3.2 Essential Oil Extraction from Grape Fruit 23

3.3  Isolation of test organism 23

3.4 Characterization/ Identification      24            

3.4.1 Gram Staining 24

3.4.2 Catalase Test 25

3.4.3 Bile Solubility Test 25

3.4.4 Citrate Test 25

3.4.5 Voges Proskauer Test 26

3.5 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Using Disc Diffusion Method 26

3.5.1 Preparation of Disc 26

3.5.2 Sensitivity Assay 26

3.5.3 Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum 

        Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) 26

3.5.4 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

3.5.5 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 27

3.6   Analysis of Plant Extract (Citrus Paradisi) Using Gas 

       Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 27

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 RESULTS 29

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1Discussion 36

5.1Conclusion 37

5.2Recommendation 37

References

Appendix