ABSTRACT
The prevalence of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi respectively have increasingly affected Nigerian students causing a shift in their healthy living, using students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike as a case study. This study is carried out to determine antibody titre levels to febrile antigens of Salmonella species among students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike at Umuahia, Abia state. The analysis was carried out with random blood samples of 50 students of Michael Okpara University in which the age and sex distribution of study respondents was determined with the help of questionnaire which contributed immensely for the information needed towards the success of this project. After the collection of data with the questionnaire from the same students that volunteered their blood for the success of the test(s), the age range of the respondents (i.e. Students) was between 20 to 28years of age, number of male students tested was 26 while total number of female students tested was 24. Then after proper laboratory investigations, using standard laboratory procedure; based on slide agglutination test, the total number of percentage of students with S.typhi was 20, and total number of students with S.paratyphi A, B, and C was 5.Based on tube agglutination test, the titre levels of agglutination of S.typhi and S.paratyphi A, B, and C under the somatic (O) and flagella (H) antigen(s) which was less than 1:80, equal to 1:80 and greater than 1:80 was 25 and 30 respectively. Then based on Widal agglutination test, the blood samples from the female students recorded higher titre values compared to that of the males’ which is as a result of poor personal and general hygiene practices by the females in their hostels and consumption of food and water contaminated with the pathogen via fecal to oral contact.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Aims and objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Typhoid Fever 8
2.1.1 Pathology 9
2.2 Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever 9
2.3 Clinical Presentation of Typhoid Fever 11
2.4 Transmission and Risk Factors 12
2.5 Immune Response to Salmonella 13
2.5.1 Innate immune response 14
2.5.2 Acquired immune response 15
2.5.2.1 Role of T cells during the immune response 16
2.5.2.2 Role of antibodies in immunity against Salmonella 16
2.6 Virulence factors of Salmonella 16
2.7 Prevention of Typhoid Fever
2.7.1 Safe water and food 17
2.7.2 Proper sanitation 17
2.7.3 Health education 18
2.7.4 Typhoid fever vaccines 18
2.8 Diagnosis of typhoid fever 19
2.8.1 Widal agglutination test 19
2.8.2 Tube Agglutination Test 20
2.9 Treatment of Typhoid Fever 21
2.9.1 General management 21
2.9.2 Treatment for complicated typhoid fever 21
2.10 Resistance of S. Typhi to Antibiotics 22
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study Area 23
3.2 Source Population 23
3.3 Collection of Specimens 23
3.4 Widal Test 23
3.5 Slide Test Procedure 24
3.6 Standard Tube Test Method 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT 25
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 33
5.1 Conclusion 34
5.2 Recommendation 35
References 36
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Title pages
1. Age and sex distribution of study respondents 26
2. Showing the number of students infected with S.typhi and S.paratyphi 27
A, B, C based on slide agglutination test 28
3. Antibody titre levels to febrile antigens of S.typhi in the study population 29
4. Showing titre levels of agglutination of S.paratyphi A in tube agglutination test 30
5. Showing titre level of agglutination of S.paratyphi B in tube agglutination test 31
6. Showing titre level of agglutination of S.paratyphi C in the tube agglutination test 32
CHRISTIAN, M (2020). ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE. Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Nov 24, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike
MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, CHRISTIAN. "ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE" Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 21 Apr. 2020, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.
MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, CHRISTIAN. "ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 21 Apr. 2020. Web. 24 Nov. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike >.
MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, CHRISTIAN. "ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE" Mouau.afribary.org (2020). Accessed 24 Nov. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike