ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE

CHRISTIAN CHINEDU MOUAU/MCB/14/16482 | 43 pages (10202 words) | Projects
Microbiology | Co Authors: ORJI

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi respectively have increasingly affected Nigerian students causing a shift in their healthy living, using students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike as a case study. This study is carried out to determine antibody titre levels to febrile antigens of Salmonella species among students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike at Umuahia, Abia state. The analysis was carried out with random blood samples of 50 students of Michael Okpara University in which the age and sex distribution of study respondents was determined with the help of questionnaire which contributed immensely for the information needed towards the success of this project. After the collection of data with the questionnaire from the same students that volunteered their blood for the success of the test(s), the age range of the respondents (i.e. Students) was between 20 to 28years of age, number of male students tested was 26 while total number of female students tested was 24. Then after proper laboratory investigations, using standard laboratory procedure; based on slide agglutination test, the total number of percentage of students with S.typhi was 20, and total number of students with S.paratyphi A, B, and C was 5.Based on tube agglutination test, the titre levels of agglutination of S.typhi and S.paratyphi A, B, and C under the somatic (O) and flagella (H) antigen(s) which was less than 1:80, equal to 1:80 and greater than 1:80 was 25 and 30 respectively. Then based on Widal agglutination test, the blood samples from the female students recorded higher titre values compared to that of the males’ which is as a result of poor personal and general hygiene practices by the females in their hostels and consumption of food and water contaminated with the pathogen via fecal to oral contact. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page   i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables vii

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information                                                                                1

1.2 Problem Statement                                                                                            4

1.3 Aims and objectives                                                                                            5


CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                        6

2.1 Typhoid Fever                                                                                                    8

2.1.1 Pathology                                                                                                          9

2.2 Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever                                                                           9

2.3 Clinical Presentation of Typhoid Fever                                                            11

2.4 Transmission and Risk Factors                                                                      12

2.5 Immune Response to Salmonella                                                                      13

2.5.1 Innate immune response                                                                                14

2.5.2 Acquired immune response                                                                            15

2.5.2.1 Role of T cells during the immune response                                                    16

2.5.2.2 Role of antibodies in immunity against Salmonella                                          16

2.6 Virulence factors of Salmonella                                                                        16

2.7 Prevention of Typhoid Fever

2.7.1 Safe water and food                                                                                          17

2.7.2 Proper sanitation                                                                                              17

2.7.3 Health education                                                                                              18

2.7.4 Typhoid fever vaccines                                                                                  18

2.8 Diagnosis of typhoid fever                                                                                    19

2.8.1 Widal agglutination test                                                                                    19

2.8.2 Tube Agglutination Test                                                                                    20

2.9 Treatment of Typhoid Fever                                                                              21

2.9.1 General management                                                                                          21

2.9.2 Treatment for complicated typhoid fever                                                          21

2.10 Resistance of S. Typhi to Antibiotics                                                                  22

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Area                                                                                                      23

3.2 Source Population                                                                                          23

3.3 Collection of Specimens                                                                                      23

3.4 Widal Test                                                                                                        23

3.5 Slide Test Procedure                                                                                          24

3.6 Standard Tube Test Method                                                                            24


CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      RESULT                                                                                                            25


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION                                                                          33                                                                                         

5.1   Conclusion                                                                                                            34

5.2   Recommendation                                                                                                  35

        References                                                                                                            36


LIST OF TABLES

Tables                                                                Title                                                          pages     

1. Age and sex distribution of study respondents                                              26

2. Showing the number of students infected with S.typhi and S.paratyphi              27

          A, B, C based on slide agglutination test                                                        28

3. Antibody titre levels to febrile antigens of S.typhi in the study population          29          

4. Showing titre levels of agglutination of S.paratyphi A in tube agglutination test 30

      5. Showing titre level of agglutination of S.paratyphi B in tube agglutination test      31

      6. Showing titre level of agglutination of S.paratyphi C in the tube agglutination test 32



 

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APA

CHRISTIAN, M (2020). ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE. Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Sep 19, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike

MLA 8th

MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, CHRISTIAN. "ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE" Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 21 Apr. 2020, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike. Accessed 19 Sep. 2024.

MLA7

MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, CHRISTIAN. "ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 21 Apr. 2020. Web. 19 Sep. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike >.

Chicago

MOUAU/MCB/14/16482, CHRISTIAN. "ANTIBODY TITRE LEVELS TO FEBRILE ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG STUDENTS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE" Mouau.afribary.org (2020). Accessed 19 Sep. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/antibody-titre-levels-to-febrile-antigens-of-salmonella-species-among-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike

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