ABSTRCT

This study evaluated the Antibiogram of microorganisms of public health importance isolated from offal of cow. In this study, a total of five (5) bacterial genera were isolated include; Staphylococcus aurues, Escherichia coli, Shigella species, Pseudomonas species, and Salmonella species. It was observed in this study that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurues are the most frequently distributed isolates among the samples with a high percentage occurrence of 12 (33.3%) and 10 (27.7%), followed by Shigella species 4 (11.1%), Pseudomonas species 3(8.3%), and Salmonella species 7(19.4%). It was also revealed in this study that the antibiotic susceptibility and resistant profile for Gram negative and Positive isolates varied from sample to sample as well as isolate to isolate with Staphylococcus species having high degree of susceptibility to the antibiotic drug Ceprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Levofloxacin, Rifampicin antibiotics in almost all the cow offals. In this study it was also recorded that Erythromycin, Streptomycin and Augumentin antibiotic showed appreciable effect against Gram Negative isolates. In the case of resistant to antibiotics tested in this study, all Gram Negative species isolated showed high level resistance against Ofloxacin, Nalidixic Acid and Chloramphenicol used in this study. Conclusively, this present study showed that Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aurues were the most prevalent and frequently distributed Gram Negative and Positive pathogens isolated from the offals under study; and these organisms are multiple resistant to some commonly used antibiotics especially Ofloxacin, Nalidixic Acid and Chloramphenicol. It is to report that Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin antibiotic could be of alternative of choice to use and to control Gram-Negative and Positive bacterial infection as an effective antibacterial agent.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page     i

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Contents vi

List of Tables vii

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Aim and Objectives 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature Review 3

2.1.1 Brief Description of Offals 3

2.2 Sources of Contamination of Meat and Meat Products from Animals (Cattle) 4

2.2.1 Animals Presented for Slaughter 4

2.2.2 Abattoir Waste 5

2.3 Microorganisms of Public Health Importance Isolated from Animal Offal 6

2.3.1 Salmonella spp. 6

2.3.2 Staphylococcus aureus 7

2.3.3 Escherichia coli 8

2.3.4 Bacillus species 10

2.3.5 Klebsiella species 11

2.3.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12

2.4 Problems of Antibiotics Resistance and its Consequences 13

2.4.1 Consequences 13

2.5 Zoonotic Infection Associated with the Consumption of Contaminated 

Offal and Meat of Animal 15

2.5.1 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Infection 16

2.5.2 Clostridium botulinum Infection 17

2.5.3 Clostridium perfringens Infection 17

2.5.4 Escherichia coli Infection 17

2.5.6 Listeria monocytogenes Infection 18

2.5.7 Scrapie Infection 18

2.5.8 Salmonella Infection 18

2.6 Transmission of Infection Caused by Salmonella spp. 19

2.7 Public Health Aspect of Bovine Salmonellosis 19

2.7.1 Treatment 20

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods 22

3.1 Sample Collection 22

3.2 Sterilization Method 22

3.3 Media Used and Preparation 22

3.4 Isolation and Enumeration of Isolates 22

3.4.2 Purification, Characterization and Identification of Isolates 23

3.5 Microbial Characterization and Identification 23

3.5.1 Identification of Bacterial Isolates 23

3.5.1.1 Gram Staining 23

3.5.2 Biochemical Tests 24

3.5.2.1 Indole Test 24

3.5.2.2 Carbohydrate Utilization Analysis 24

3.5.2.3 Catalase Test 24

3.5.2.4 Oxidase Test 25

3.5.2.5 Coagulase Test 25

3.5.2.6 Citrate Utilization Test 25

3.5.2.7 Motility Test 25

3.6 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 26

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results 27

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 33

5.1 Discussion 33

5.2 Conclusion 36

5.3 Recommendations 36

References 

Appendix