ABSTRACT
Microbial growth associated with earphones used among students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State were investigated. A total of 50 earphones were randomly selected for microbial analyses from 25 frequent student users (Group A) and 25 other non-frequent student users (Group B). The samples were analysed using standard microbiological standard method.The bacteria isolated from the earphones were α-haemolytic Streptococci, Bacillus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, and Staphylococcus aureus. The fungi isolated were Aspergillus spp,Mucor spp and Rhizopus spp). The distribution of the isolates include; α-haemolytic Streptococci, 12 (24%), Aspergillus spp 6 (12%), Bacillus spp 10 (20%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (COANS) 6 (12%), Escherichia coli 3 (6%), Mucor spp 2 (4%), Proteus spp 2 (4%), Rhizopus spp 5 (10%) and Staphylococcus aureus 12 (24%). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between the mean incidence values of the isolates from the two groups. Comparing the incidence values of the isolates from the two groups of earphone users, the study concluded that microbial growth does increase with frequent and continuous use of earphones in relation to the non-frequent use of earphones. The significantly higher microbial growth in Group A (as indicated by the higher incidence values of the isolates in group A, when compared to those of Group B), is indicative of a positive relationship between microbial growth, frequency and duration of use of earphones. Thus, regular cleaning of ear phones with disinfectants before and after each usage is recommended to help reduced the microbial load of earphones and its potential as regards being a vector in the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms to the ear, to help prevent the incidence of otitis media and other infections amongst the ear phone users.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and objectives of the study 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of earphone 4
2.2 History of earphone 4
2.3 Anatomy and physiology of the ear 5
2.3.1 The outer ear 5
2.3.2 Middle ear 6
2.3.3 Inner ear 7
2.4 Microbiome of the ear 7
2.5 Bacteria in cerumen 8
2.6 Commensal microbial 9
2.7 Infections of the ear 10
2.7.1 Outer ear infection 10
2.7.2 Acute diffuse Otitis Externa 11
2.7.3 Chronic Otitis Externa 12
2.7.4 Furunculosis 13
2.7.5 Otomycosis 13
2.7.6 Malignant Otitis Externa (MOE) 14
2.8 Middle Ear Infection 15
2.9 Inner Ear Infection 16
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study area 17
3.2 Sample collection 17
3.3 Sterilization of materials 17
3.4 Media preparation 18
3.5 Microbiological analyses 18
3.6 Characterization and identification of the bacterial isolates 18
3.6.1 Colonial morphology 18
3.6.2 Motility test 19
3.6.3 Gram staining 19
3.6.4 Biochemical tests 20
3.6.4.1 Catalase test 20
3.6.4.2 Coagulase test 21
3.6.4.3 Indole test 21
3.6.4.4 Methyl red test 21
3.6.4.5 Voges Proskauer test 22
3.6.4.6 Citrate utilization test 22
3.6.4.7 Oxidase test 23
3.6.4.8 Triple Sugar Iron agar test 23
3.7 Identification and characterization of the fungal isolates 24
3.8 Statistical analysis 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 25
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Discussion 33
5.1 Conclusion and Recommendations 38
REFERENCES 40
APPENDIX 50
EMMANUEL, M (2020). A Comparative Study Of Microbial Growth Associated With Earphones Used Among University Students Of Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State. Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Nov 15, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/a-comparative-study-of-microbial-growth-associated-with-earphones-used-among-university-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike-abia-state
MOUAU/12/21764, EMMANUEL. "A Comparative Study Of Microbial Growth Associated With Earphones Used Among University Students Of Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State" Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 12 May. 2020, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/a-comparative-study-of-microbial-growth-associated-with-earphones-used-among-university-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike-abia-state. Accessed 15 Nov. 2024.
MOUAU/12/21764, EMMANUEL. "A Comparative Study Of Microbial Growth Associated With Earphones Used Among University Students Of Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 12 May. 2020. Web. 15 Nov. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/a-comparative-study-of-microbial-growth-associated-with-earphones-used-among-university-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike-abia-state >.
MOUAU/12/21764, EMMANUEL. "A Comparative Study Of Microbial Growth Associated With Earphones Used Among University Students Of Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State" Mouau.afribary.org (2020). Accessed 15 Nov. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/a-comparative-study-of-microbial-growth-associated-with-earphones-used-among-university-students-of-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike-abia-state