ABSTRACT

Nosocomial pathogens are hospital acquired pathogens.The infections caused by these Pathogens occurs within 48hours of hospital admission, they are serious threats to patients care.Swabs from beds, sinks, chairs and cupboards were collected from the hospital ward of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Medical Centre Umudike.They were surveyed for contamination by nosocomial pathogens.The collected samples were cultured and analysed using Blood and Macconkey agar. The organisms isolated were subjected to antimicrobial test using disc diffusion method. About 85% of the collected samples had growth of Staphylococcus aureus,10% growth Escherichia coli and 5% growth Proteus specie.Some isolates were resistant to the antibiotics while most of them were sensitive. In the sensitivity of the isolates it was observed that Staphylococcus aureus were more sensitive to Ciproflox, Ceporex and Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli were more sensitive to Augmentin and Streptomycin while Proteus Specie were more sensitive to Rimfapicin and Ampiclox.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of content iv

List of table v

List of figure vi

Abstract vii

Chapter One

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Aim and Objective 2

Chapter Two

Review of Related Literature 3

2.1 Literature Review 3

2.2 Nosocomial pathogens and sites of infection 3

2.3 Causes of nosocomial infection 6

2.4 Nosocomial infection causing organism 6

2.5 Method of acquisition 6

2.6 Description of isolates 7

2.6.1 Escherichia coli 7

2.6.2 Proteus specie 8

2.6.3 Staphylococcus aureus 8

2.7 Emergence and spread of nosocomial pathogens 9

2. 8  Mechanism of antibiotics resistance 10

2.9  Infection and control 12

Chapter Three 

Materials and method

3.1 Sample Collection 13

3.2 Preparation of sample 13

3.3 Preparation of media 13

3.4 Isolation of bacteria 13

3.5. Identification and characterization 14

3.5.1 Coagulase Test 14

3.5.2 Catalase Test 14

3.5.3OxidaseTest 14

3.5.4Motilitytest 15

3.5.5 Gram Staining 16

3.5.6 Citrate utilization test 16

3.6 Preparation of antibiotic disc 16

3.7 Antibiotic sensitivity test 18

3.8 Measurement of Zone of inhibition 18

Chapter Four

Result 19

Chapter Five

5.1 Discussion 25

5.2 Conclusion 26

5.3 Recommendation 27

References

Appendix