ABSTRACT

One hundrcd and ffty 3 weeks old Anak broiler chicks were selected and placed in a completely randomized design experiment in which soybean meal (SBM), pigeonpCa seed meal (PPSM), cashew kernel meal (CKM), cotton seed meal CSN4) and groundnut cake (GNC) were used at 30% inclusion level each. Fach treatment was further sub- divided into 3 replicates of 10 chicks-each separately managed in a dip litter pen and were given water and feed adlihitum. Data on growth parameter were collected daily and weekly. At the end of the rearing period of weeks, digestibility trial was carried out using metabolic cages. Measurements were taking for the determination of producti\ e performance. economies of' production. hacmaiological and biochemistry indices. Ihe result showed that birds fed cashews kernel based diets had the highest net gain per bird (), which. was significantly. (P<0.05) higher than those fed the conventional SBM and CSM based diets. The poorest was SBM followed by GNC. S13M had the best feed to gain ratio which was not signiFicantly (P>0.05) dificrent from those of' CSM which had the poorest FR. Mean daily weight gain showed that birds fed PPSM was significantly (P<0.05) depressed while CKM, SBM, GNC and CSM compared favourably. CKM performed numerically better than others in terms of thigh and wings and %back cut where it was si uni tieantly (P<0.05) better than S RM and CSM. but compared Iavourahl\ with others for chest cavity and drumstic. CKM had the best I loematologicuf measurements whose data fal Is within normal ranges as recommended by various researchers. Percentage nutrient retained revealed that CKM and ONC performed better than others 'or nitrogen. ether extract. crude fibre, ash and dry matter while the poorest was CSM followed by PPSM. The same observation was made for mineral retention where CKM and GNC outperlormed others followed closely by PlM. SBM and CSM in that order.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page - - - - -

Ccrtffication - - - - - - -

Declaration - - - - - - - -

Dedication - - - - - - -

Acknowledgment - - - - - -

List of Tables - - - - - - - vi

List of' Peures - - - - -

'l'ahlc of' contents - - - - - - viii

i\hstract - - - - - - - x

C1lAP'l'lR ONF: INTROI)UCTION - - - - -

CklAP'l'l/R tWO: L11'ERATURE REVIEW - - - - 4

2.1 SOYBLAN (G/vcine max Mcrr) - - - 4

2.1.1 Ilistorical background of soybean - - - 4

2. 1 .2 N utritive potentials/nutrient composition of' soybean - - 5

2.1 .3 Productive perf'ormanccs of' farm animals fed diets containing various

levels of soybean meal - - - - - 8

2.1 .4 Anti-nutritional factors in soybean - -

2.2 PIGEONPLA (Cajanus cajcivi N4illsp) - - - - 9

2.2.1 II istorical background of' pigeonpea - - - - - 9

2.2.2 Nutritive potential/nutrient composition of pigeopea - - 1 0

2.2.3 Productive performances of' farm animal fad diets containing various

level of pigeonpea inclusion - - - - - - 11

2.2.4 Anti-nutritional factors in piaeopea - - - - 1 2

2.3 CASh LW tree (Anurcaclium occic/e/7/a/e) - - - 1 2

2.3.1 Ilistorical background of cashew nut tree - - - 12

2.3.2 Nutritive potential/Nutrient composition of cashew nut - - 13

2.3.3 Productive performance of farm animals fed diets containing various

levels of cashew nut inclusion - - - - 13

2.3.4 Anti-nutritional factors in cashew nut- - - - - 14

2.4 COTTONS1/FD (Gosvpiwn spp) - - - - 15

2.4.1 historical background of cottonseed (Gossyptuin spp) - 15

2.4.2 Nutritive potential/Nutrient composition olcottonseed - - 16

2.4.3 Productive performance of !'arm animals fed diets containing varying

levels of cottonseed inclusion. - - - - 1 7

2.4.4 Anti-nutritional factors in cottonseed - - - - - 1$

2.5 ()ROLNDNLT (Jiac1ii. Inpoue I .ini) - - - - I 9

2.5. 1 1 listorical background of groundnut -. - - - 1 9

2.5.2 N utritive potential/N u ient composition of Groundnut -

2. .3 Productive perFormance 01 Limi animals lcd diets contm ii ng varying

levels of roundnut cake inclusion. - - - - - 20

2.5.4 Anti-nutritional factors in uroundnut cake - - 21

2.6 NATURE AND OCCURRENCES OF SOME MAJOR

/\Nll-NUIRIIIONAL FACTORS FOUND IN GROUNDNU'I'.

COT1'ONSEED. SOYi\BEAN AND PIGLOPEA - - - 21

2.6.1 Aflatoxin - - - - - - - 21

2.6.2 Gossypol - - - - - - - 24

2.6.3 Pi-otcase inhibitor - - - - - 26

2.6.4 l-Iacmagg1utinins (Lcctins) - - - - 27

2.7 METHODS OF PROCESSITG AND DETOXIFICATION 01" PLANT

AN1'l-NL'l'RITlONAl. FACTORS ANI) llIFlR lFFl.Cl S ON FARM

ANlM,\LS - - - - - - -

2.7. 1 I icat treatment - - - - - - - 28

2.7.2 Use olehemicals - - - - - - - 29

CFIAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AN!) METIIOI)S - - 31

3.1 TI-IF EXPERIMENI'AI, SITE - - - - - 31

3.2 EXPERIMENTALBIRDSANDDESIGN - - - - 31

3.3 FEEl) - - - - - - - - 32

3.3.1 Procurement and processina of Feed ingredient - - - 31

3.3.2 DIE]' FORMULAtION - - - - - 31

3.4 MANAGEMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL BIRDS - - 33

3.5 DATA COLLECTION - - - - 33

3.6 SLAUGHTERING TECHNIQUES - - - - 34

3.7 METIIOD OF ANALYSIS - - - - 34

37. I Determination and nutrient content of samples - - 34

3.7.2 Mineral determination- - - - - - - 35

3.7.3 Determination of blood constituents - - - - - 35

3.8 DETERMINATION 01' GROWl II Pr\RA\'ll'lFRS - - 35

3.9 ECONOMICS OF PRODI Ci'ION - - - - - 36

3.10 S'l'ATIS'HCAL ANALYSIS - - - - - - 36

CI-IAPTFR FOUR: RESULTS AN1) I)ISCUSSION - - - 37

ClIAP'l'FR FIVE: CONCLUSION ANI) RECOMMLNI)A'I'ION -

REFERENCES - - - - - - -

- 62

AII'E1NI)ICES