ABSTRACT

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the major diseases that affect people of all age groups. It can be symptomatic or asymptomatic and the prevalence is higher in females. The study investigated the prevalence of the infection, implicated bacteria species and antibiogram  among  female undergraduate students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. The study was carried out among 60 healthy female students living in the hostel and off campus. The samples were cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. The Gram positive isolates were Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and the Gram negative isolates were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and  Proteus species. Bacteriuria was observed in 23(38.3%) of the samples while there was no significant growth in 22(36.7%) and no growth in 15(25%). Prevalence of significant bacteriuria was higher in female students living in the hostel 19(82.6%) than in female students living off campus 4(17.4%) and occurred highest under the age group of 22-24 (69.6%) followed by the age group 25-27 (17.4%). The Gram positive isolates Enterococcus faecalis was highly susceptible to Pefloxacin and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was highly susceptible to Gentamicin and Zinnacef. The Gram negative isolates were highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin and Ofloxacin. The findings emphasize the need for personal hygiene among the female undergraduates and provision of basic infrastructure such as toilet facilities in the hostel.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page…………………………………………………………………………………..i

Certification……………………………………………………………………………….ii

Dedication……………………………………………………………………...................iii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………..iv

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………....v 

List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….viii

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                 Introduction………………………………………………………………...1

1.1                 Aim.………………………………………………………………………...3

1.2                 Objectives…………………………………………………………………. 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.1                  The urinary system and its infection…………………………………...…4

2.2                  Microorganisms found in urine and their etiology……………………….4

2.2.1               Bacteria………………………………………………………………...…5

2.2.2               Viruses………………………………………………………………....…5

2.2.3               Fungi…………………………………………………………………...…6

2.2.4               Protozoa…………………………………………………………………..6

2.3                  Entry of bacteria into the urinary tract…………………………………....7

2.4                  Routes of bacteria infection…………………………………………...….7

2.5                  Types of Urinary Tract Infection……..…………………………...……...8

2.5.1               Lower and upper Urinary Tract Infection………………………….……..8

2.5.2               Complicated and uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection…………..…….8

2.6                  Pathogenesis……………………………………………………………....9

2.7                  Clinical features………………………………………………………….11

2.8                  Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection……………………………......12

2.9                  Risk factor of  Urinary Tract Infection………………………………......13

2.9.1               Anatomical and physiological factors………………………………...…13

2.9.2               Age ……………………………………………………………………...14

2.9.3               Sex and contraceptives…………………………………………………..14

2.9.4               Diabetes mellitus………………………………………………………...15

2.9.5               Urinary catherization…………………………………………………….15

2.10                Diagnosis………………………………………………………………...16

2.11                Treatment and prevention……………………………………………..…17

2.11.1             Treatment ………………………………………………………………..17

2.11.2             Prevention………………………………………………………………..18

2.12                Antibiotic sensitivity ………………………………………………....….19

 CHAPTER THREE

3.1                  Sample collection……………………………………………………..….21

3.2                  Media preparation………………………………………………………..21

3.3                  Bacteriology ……………………………………………………………..21

3.4                  Microscopy………………………………………………………...…….22

3.5                  Identification of the isolates…………………………………………......23

3.5.1               Gram staining ………………………………………………………...…23

3.5.2               Biochemical tests………………………………………………...……    23

3.5.2.1            Motility test………………………………………………………......….23

3.5.2.2            Indole test……………………………………………………………..…24

3.5.2.3            Urease test………………………………………………………….……24

3.5.2.4            Catalase test……………………………………………………..……….24

3.5.2.5            Coagulase test…………………………………………………………....25

3.5.2.6            Citrate utilization test…………………………………………………....25

3.5.2.7            Triple sugar iron agar test……………………………………………….26

3.6                  Antibiotic susceptibility testing…………………………………………26

CHAPTER   FOUR

4.1                  Results………………………………………………………….………..28

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1                  Discussion …………………………………………………….………...37

5.2                  Conclusion ……………………………………………………………...40

5.3                  Recommendation…………………………………………………..……40

References

Appendix