ABSTRACT
This work was carried out to determine the physicochemical analysis of honey, phytochemical analysis of cinnamon bark powder and to examine their antibacterial activity against isolated bacteria concerned with respiratory tract infections (RTI), which are; Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichiacoli and Pseudomonasaeruginosa, isolated from sputum and throat swab specimens. The agar well diffusion method was employed for both honey and the two cinnamon bark powder extracts using nutrient agar and the inhibition zones around the six wells containing different concentrations of the samples (ranging from 3.125%-100%) were measured. Significant antibacterial activity of honey was observed against Staphylococcus aureus with a least zone of inhibition of 20mm at 6.25% concentration and a maximum inhibition zone of 45mm at 100% concentration. Also against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a least inhibition zone of 15mm at 12.5% concentration and maximum inhibition zone of 24mm at 100% concentration and lastly against Escherichia coli with a least inhibition zone of 15mm at 3.125% concentration and maximum inhibition zone of 35mm at 100% concentration. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the honey sample was further determined, giving values of 12.5% concentration (MIC) and 25% (MBC) for Staphylococcus aureus, 25% (MIC) and 25% (MBC) for Escherichia coli and 25% (MIC) and 50% (MBC) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Significant antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of cinnamon bark powder was observed against Staphylococcusaureus with least inhibition zone of 10mm at 3.125% concentration and maximum inhibition zone of 22mm at 100% concentration, against Escherichiacoli with least inhibition zone of 13mm at 12.5% concentration and maximum inhibition zone of 20mm at 100% concentration but Pseudomonasaeruginosa was completely resistant. The test organisms were all resistant to aqueous extraction except that Staphylococcusaureus was susceptible by 8mm at 100% concentration only. Synergistic test using the double disk diffusion method and agar well diffusion technique was carried out. There was no synergistic effect of honey and cinnamon bark powder extracts in this study, but antagonistic effect. More effective research work is recommended for the synergy, to checkmate reviews encouraging the intake of honey and cinnamon powder together against respiratory problems.
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION PAGE ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v-ix
LIST OF TABLES x
ABSTRACT xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the Study 2
1.2 Statement of Research Problem 3
1.3 Aim of the Study 3
1.4 Specific Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Honey 5
2.1.1 Ancient History of Honey 5
2.1.2 Properties of Honey 6
2.1.2.1 Granulation Tendency 6
2.1.2.2 Tendency to Absorb Moisture 7
2.1.2.3 Viscosity 7
2.1.2.4 Food Value 7
2.1.3 Antimicrobial Properties 8
2.1.3.1 Osmolarity 8
2.1.3.2 Low Water Activity and pH 8
2.1.4 Composition of Honey 9
2.1.4.1 Water Content 9
2.1.4.2 Sugars 9
2.1.4.3 Organic Acids 10
2.1.4.4 Proteins, Enzymes and Amino Acids 10
2.1.4.5 Minerals 11
2.1.4.6 Vitamins 11
2.1.4.7 Essential Oils 11
2.1.5 Nutritional Content of Honey 11
2.1.6 Medicinal Uses of Honey 13
2.1.6.1 Other Uses of Honey 14
2.2 Cinnamon 14
2.2.1 History and Origin of Cinnamon 14
2.2.2 Varieties of Cinnamon 15
2.2.3 Plant Hierarchy 16
2.2.4 Macroscopic Characteristics 16
2.2.5 Constituents of Cinnamon 17
2.2.6 Nutritional Contents and Antibacterial Properties of Cinnamon 19
2.2.7 Health Benefits and Uses of Cinnamon 19
2.3 The Human Respiratory Tract 21
2.4 Description of the Organisms 23
2.4.1 Escherichia coli23
2.4.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa24
2.4.3 Staphylococcus aureus25
2.5 Phytochemicals 27
2.5.1 Classification of Phytochemicals 27
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 28
3.1 Study Area 28
3.2 Collection of Materials 28
3.2.1 Preliminary Test for the Confirmation of the Purity of Honey 28
3.2.1.1 Dissolution Test 28
3.2.1.2 Crystallization Test 28
3.2.1.3 Flame Test 28
3.3 Processing Of Herbal Sample 29
3.4 Physicochemical and Phytochemical Screening of Honey and Cinnamon Bark
Powder Extracts 29
3.4.1 Physico-Chemical Screening Of Honey 29
3.4.1.1 Moisture Content 29
3.4.1.2 Ash Content 30
3.4.1.3 Water Activity 30
3.4.1.4 Color 30
3.4.1.5 pH 30
3.4.2 Phytochemical Screening of Cinnamon Bark Powder Extract 30
3.4.2.1 Test for Flavonoids 30
3.4.2.2 Test for Alkaloids 30
3.4.2.3 Test for Tannins 30
3.4.2.4 Test for Phenols 30
3.4.2.5 Test for steroids 31
3.5 Culture Media Preparation 31
3.6 Isolation of Organisms 31
3.7 Identification and Confirmation of Isolated Bacteria from Respiratory
Tract Infections 31
3.7.1 Biochemical Tests 31
3.7.1.1 Catalase Test 31
3.7.1.2 Citrate Utilization Test 32
3.7.1.3 Coagulase Test 32
3.7.1.4 Methyl Red (MR) Test 32
3.7.1.5 Oxidase (Cytochrome Oxidase) Test 32
3.7.1.6 Indole Test 33
3.7.1.7 Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test 33
3.8 Isolation and Purification of Isolates 33
3.9 Antibacterial Activity Testing of Honey 33
3.9.1 Preparation of Dilution 33
3.9.2 Agar Well Diffusion Technique 34
3.9.3 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum
Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Honey. 34
3.91 Antibacterial Activity Testing of Cinnamon 35
3.91.1 Processing of Herbal Sample 35
3.91.2 Preparation of Dilution 35
3.91.3 Agar Well Diffusion Technique 35
3.92 Synergistic Testing of Cinnamon Bark Powder and Honey 36
3.92.1 Agar Well Diffusion Technique 36
3.92.3 Wet Disk Diffusion or Double Disk Diffusion Technique 36
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS 38-50
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 51
5.1 DISUSSION 51
5.2 CONCLUSION 53
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 54
REFERENCES 55-60
APPENDIX
GOODNESS, M (2020). Physico-Chemical Analysis Of Honey, Phytochemical Analysis Of Cinnamon Bark Powder Extracts And Evaluation Of Their Antibacterial Activities Against Selected Respiratory Tract Bacterial Isolates. Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Nov 30, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/physico-chemical-analysis-of-honey-phytochemical-analysis-of-cinnamon-bark-powder-extracts-and-evaluation-of-their-antibacterial-activities-against-selected-respiratory-tract-bacterial-isolates
MOUAU/12/23395, GOODNESS. "Physico-Chemical Analysis Of Honey, Phytochemical Analysis Of Cinnamon Bark Powder Extracts And Evaluation Of Their Antibacterial Activities Against Selected Respiratory Tract Bacterial Isolates" Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 05 Jun. 2020, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/physico-chemical-analysis-of-honey-phytochemical-analysis-of-cinnamon-bark-powder-extracts-and-evaluation-of-their-antibacterial-activities-against-selected-respiratory-tract-bacterial-isolates. Accessed 30 Nov. 2024.
MOUAU/12/23395, GOODNESS. "Physico-Chemical Analysis Of Honey, Phytochemical Analysis Of Cinnamon Bark Powder Extracts And Evaluation Of Their Antibacterial Activities Against Selected Respiratory Tract Bacterial Isolates". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 05 Jun. 2020. Web. 30 Nov. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/physico-chemical-analysis-of-honey-phytochemical-analysis-of-cinnamon-bark-powder-extracts-and-evaluation-of-their-antibacterial-activities-against-selected-respiratory-tract-bacterial-isolates >.
MOUAU/12/23395, GOODNESS. "Physico-Chemical Analysis Of Honey, Phytochemical Analysis Of Cinnamon Bark Powder Extracts And Evaluation Of Their Antibacterial Activities Against Selected Respiratory Tract Bacterial Isolates" Mouau.afribary.org (2020). Accessed 30 Nov. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/physico-chemical-analysis-of-honey-phytochemical-analysis-of-cinnamon-bark-powder-extracts-and-evaluation-of-their-antibacterial-activities-against-selected-respiratory-tract-bacterial-isolates